Observations placeholder
Dr Duke's list of Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Morus alba L. (Moraceae) -- Sang-Pai-Pi, White Mulberry
Identifier
027433
Type of Spiritual Experience
Background
In nature, β-carotene is a precursor (inactive form) to vitamin A
A description of the experience
Dr Duke's list of Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Morus alba L. (Moraceae) -- Sang-Pai-Pi, White Mulberry
Chemicals
2,4,4',6-TETRAHYDROXYBENZOPHENONE Wood: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
3,2',4'-TRIHYDROXYDIHYDROSTILBENE Wood: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
3,4'-DIHYDROXYDIHYDROSTILBENE Wood: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
5,7-DIHYDROXYCHROMONE Plant: DUKE1992A
Antibacterial JBH ; Antifeedant 382 ; Herbicide IC100=6 mM NIG ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
6,3',5'-TRIHYDROXY-2-PHENYLBENZOFURAN Wood: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
A-BETA-HEXENAL Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
ACETIC-ACID Leaf: DUKE1992A
Acidulant JBH ; Antibacterial 5,000 ppm DUKE1992B ; Antiotitic MAR ; Antisalmonella X11307877 ; Antivaginitic 1-2% DUKE1992B ; Expectorant MAR ; Fungicide M29 ; Keratitigenic M&R367 ; Mucolytic M29 ; Osteolytic DUKE1992B ; Perfumery FEMA 6,000-40,000 ppm ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Protisticide M29 ; Spermicide MAR ; Ulcerogenic HG20:9 ; Verrucolytic DUKE1992B
ACETONE Leaf: DUKE1992A
Allergenic M&R722 ; CNS-Depressant M29 ; Narcotic M29
ADENINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
Antianemic 1.5 g/day MAR ; Antigranulocytopenic DUKE1992B ; Antiviral JE26:73 ; CNS-Stimulant DUKE1992B ; Diuretic DUKE1992B ; Hyperuricemic MAR ; Insectifuge EB48:111 ; Lithogenic ABC50:1317.1986 ; Myocardiotonic DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Vasodilator DUKE1992B
ALBAFURAN-C Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
ALBANIN-F Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
ALBANIN-G Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
ALBANOL-A Plant: DUKE1992A
Aromatase-Inhibitor IC50=7.5 uM X11678652 ; Hypotensive JBH
ALBANOL-B Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
ALPHA-AMYRIN Root Bark: DUKE1992A
Analgesic X15964027 ; Antiedemic IC43=40 mg/kg ipr rat DFN:159 ; Antiinflammatory IC71=1,000 ppm orl FT63(1):3 ; Antinociceptive; Antitumor DUKE1992B ; Antiulcer X14643690 ; Cytotoxic 50-400 DUKE1992B ; Gastroprotective X15368675 ; Hepatoprotective X15763370 ; Insectifuge X10701181
ALPHA-BETA-DIMONTANY-GLYCEROL Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
ALUMINUM(AL2O3) Leaf 8,000 - 18,000 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
ARACHIDONIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A
5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor X1637346 ; Antidermatitic M11 ; Antieczemic M11 ; Antileukotriene-B4 POP:149 ; Antipsoriatic WER ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Coagulant JN126:1076S ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Immunostimulant JN126:1076S ; Insulinogenic EMP6:170 ; Myocontractant JN126:1076S ; Pyrogenic 100 ug/kg rbt EXP33:1626
ARSENIC Root Bark 0.1 ppm; DUKE1992A
Anorexic FHN ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
ASCORBIC-ACID Fruit 50 - 1,040 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 2,000 - 3,000 ppm DUKE1992A
Acidulant FEMA 6,000 ARC ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor SYN-X ; Analgesic 5-10 g/day; Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker NP6:1 ; AntiAGE 2,000 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiaggregant SYN-X ; Antiaging 400 mg/day; Antiallergic PIL ; Antialzheimeran 2,000-6,000 mg/day; Antiarthritic 0.2-1 g/day; Antiasthmatic 1,000 mg/day WER ; Antiatherosclerotic; Antibacterial DAS ; Anticataract 1 g 3x/day 350 mg/day WER 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Anticervicaldysplasic 1,000-2,000 mg/day; AntiCFS 500-1,000 mg TE2 ; Anticlimacteric 500-5,000 mg/day WAF ; Anticold 1-2 g/man/day; AntiCrohn's 50-100 mg/day/orl/man M29 ; AntiCTS 1,000 mg 3x/day WAF ; Antidecubitic 500 mg/man/2x/day MAR ; Antidementia MPP ; Antidepressant 2,000 mg/day WER ; Antidiabetic SYN-X ; Antidote (Aluminum) EMP6:189 ; Antidote (Cadmium) DAS ; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antidote (Paraquat) MAR ; Antieczemic 3.5-5 g/day WER ; Antiedemic 1 g/man/day DAS ; Antiencephalitic DAS ; Antiendometriotic 2,000 mg/day WAF ; Antifatigue 500-1,000 mg TE2 ; Antifibrotic 1,000-2,000 mg WAF ; Antigallstone 1,000-3,000 mg/day WAF ; Antigastritic PIL ; Antigingivitic; Antiglaucomic 2 g/day WER ; Antihangover 1,000 mg WAF ; Antihemorrhagic 1 g/man/day DAS ; Antihepatitic 2-6 g/man/day DAS ; Antihepatotoxic EMP6:189 ; Antiherpetic 1-5 g/day; Antihistaminic 2 g/day orl man; Antihypertensive NP6:1 ; Antiinfertility 1 g/day WER ; Antiinflammatory PAM ; Antilepric 1.5 g/man/day MAR ; Antilithic 1,000-3,000 mg/day WAF ; AntiLyme 500-2,000 mg KEN ; Antimaculitic; Antimeasles DAS ; Antimenopausal 500-5,000 mg/day WAF ; Antimigraine M29 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antineuramidase X634178 ; Antinitrosic 1 g/man/day MAR ; Antiobesity 1 g 3x/day WER ; Antiorchitic DAS ; Antiosteoarthritic 1 g 2x/day WER ; Antiosteoporotic 500 mg/day; Antioxidant 100 ppm DUKE1992B ; Antiparkinsonian 1 g 2-3x/day; Antiparotitic DAS ; Antiperiodontitic 1 g 2x/day WER ; Antipneumonic PAM ; Antipodriac DAS ; Antipoliomyelitic DAS ; Antipyretic EMP6:189 ; Antiradicular SYN-X ; AntiRaynaud's 500 mg 1-2x/day WAF ; Antiretinotic PIL ; Antirheumatic MPP ; Antirhinitic 1,000 mg 3x/day WAF ; Antiscorbutic 10 mg/man/day MAR ; Antiseptic 4-8 g/day SYN-X MIC=3.3-217 mg/ml MAR ; Antishingles DAS ; Antispasmodic 500-5,000 mg/day WAF ; Antistress 500-1,000 mg; Antisyndrome-X 1-4 g/day SYN-X ; Antitumor (Gastric) PIL ; Antitumor (Lung) NR54:S71 ; Antiulcer; Antiviral 1-5 g/day; Apoptotic 1-10 mM BO2 ; Asthma-preventive 1,000 mg/day/orl PAM ; Beta-Adrenergic Receptor Blocker NP6:1 ; Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor 1.5 g/day/man BO2 ; Calcium-Antagonist NP6:1 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cardioprotective PIL ; Cold-preventive 1-2 g/day DAS ; Collagenic BO2 ; Detoxicant DUKE1992B ; Diuretic 700 mg/man/orl NP6:1 ; Fistula-Preventive PAM ; Hypocholesterolemic 300-1,000 mg/day DAS ; Hypoglycemic SYN-X ; Hypotensive 1,000 mg/man/day; Immunomodulator PIL ; Immunostimulant SYN-X ; Interferonogenic PAM ; Lithogenic DAS ; Mucolytic 1 g/woman/day MAR ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Uricosuric 4 g/man/day DAS ; Urinary-Acidulant M29 ; Vasodilator NP6:1 ; Vulnerary PAM
ASH Fruit 7,000 - 72,000 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 80,000 - 204,000 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
ASPARAGIC-ACID Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
ASTRAGALIN Leaf: DUKE1992A
ACE-Inhibitor ID50=180 ug/ml rat (24 hr.) T15015 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC30=1 uM DUKE1992B IC62=10 uM PC23:1885 ; Antileukemic DUKE1992B ; Expectorant DUKE1992B ; Hypotensive CPB38:1049 ; Immunostimulant DUKE1992B
BENZALDEHYDE Plant: DUKE1992A
Allergenic M&R594 ; Anesthetic DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial LAF337 ; Anticancer ARO95:16 ; Antimutagenic X10563930 ; Antipeptic DUKE1992B ; Antiseptic DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic DUKE1992B ; Antitumor ARO95:16 ; Candidicide LAF337 ; FLavor FEMA 150-800 ARC ; Immunostimulant ARO95:16 ; Insecticide LAF ; Insectifuge 50 ppm JSPR22:141 ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Narcotic M11 ; Nematicide MLC=1 mg/ml SZ44:183 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sedative BVC:162 ; Termiticide LD100=5 mg/g X11879008 ; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=0.82 mM JAF47:4574 ID50=820 uM ID50=830 uM JAF50:1400 ID50=87 ug/ml JAF46:1268
BETA-AMYRIN Root Bark: DUKE1992A
Analgesic X15964027 ; Antiedemic IC27=40 mg/kg ipr rat DFN:159 ; Antiinflammatory X8987908 ; Antinociceptive; Antiulcer X14643690 ; Gastroprotective X15368675 ; Hepatoprotective X15763370 ; Larvicide X10701181 ; Mosquitocide X10701181
BETA-CAROTENE Fruit 1 - 8 ppm DUKE1992A
Allergenic M&R610 ; Androgenic? PAM ; Antiacne PAM ; Antiaging DUKE1992B ; Antiarthritic MPP ; Antiasthmatic PAM ; Anticancer JNU ; Anticarcinomic PAM ; Anticervicaldysplasic MPP ; Anticoronary 50 mg/man/2 days CMR3/4/91:16 ; Antihyperkeratotic; Antiichythyotic PAM ; Antileukoplakic; Antilipoperoxidant IC71=50 ug/ml X16277432 ; Antilupus 150 mg/man/day/2 mos MAR ; Antimaculitic; Antimastitic PAM ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antioxidant PAM ; Antiozenic DUKE1992B ; Antipapillomic MPP ; Antiphotophobic 30-300 mg/man/day M29 ; Antipityriasic PAM ; AntiPMS JAFC34:409 ; Antiporphyric MAR ; Antiproliferant JNU ; Antipsoriac PAM ; Antiradicular PAM ; Antirheumatic MPP ; Antistress DAS ; Antitumor HSC25:1495 ; Antitumor (Breast) IC45=60 ug/ml X16277432 ; Antitumor (CNS) IC43=45 ug/ml X16277432 ; Antitumor (Colon) X16277432 ; Antitumor (Lung) IC30=60 ug/ml X16277432 ; Antitumor (Prostate) MES ; Antitumor (Stomach) IC26=45 ug/ml X16277432 ; Antiulcer 12 mg 3x/day/man/orl PAM 15,000-25,000 IU/day WAF ; Antixerophthalmic DAS ; Cancer-Preventive 22 ppm 505 ; Chemopreventive MES ; Colorant JBH ; COX-1-Inhibitor IC78=50 ug/ml X16277432 ; COX-2-Inhibitor IC82=50 ug/ml X16277432 ; Gastroprotective X6654625 ; Immunostimulant 180 mg/man/day/orl PAM ; Interferon-Synergist PJB1(2):264 ; Mucogenic PAM ; Phagocytotic PAM ; Prooxidant 20 ug/g JAF44:2096 ; Thymoprotective PAM ; Ubiquiot JBH
BETA-ECDYSTERONE Leaf 1 ppm; DUKE1992A
Analgesic DUKE1992B ; Antineuralgic QJC28(3):219
BETA-GAMMA-HEXENOL Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
BETA-RESORCYLALDEHYDE Wood: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
BETA-SITOSTEROL Leaf 2,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
Androgenic DUKE1992B ; Angiogenic X11988857 ; Anorexic MAR ; Antiadenomic M11 ; Antiandrogenic JE28:221 ; Antibacterial QJC28:155 ; Anticancer (Breast) PS131:95 ; Anticancer (Cervix) PJB1(2):287 ; Anticancer (Lung) PJB1(2):287 ; Antiedemic IC54=320 mg/kg orl DFN:160 ; Antiestrogenic JE28:221 ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antifertility JE28:221 ; Antigonadotrophic JE28:221 ; Antihyperlipoproteinaemic JBH ; Antiinflammatory; Antileukemic PJB1(2):287 ; Antilymphomic PJB1(2):287 ; Antimutagenic 250 ug/ml JAFC37:1365 ; Antiophidic 2.3 mg mus EMP5:363 ; Antioxidant IC44=10 uM JMF5:1 ; Antiprogestational JE28:221 ; Antiprostaglandin 30 mg/day/12 wks FT68(4):291 ; Antiprostatadenomic M11 ; Antiprostatitic 10-20 mg 3 x/day/orl man; Antipyretic HDN ; Antitumor (Breast) PS131:95 ; Antitumor (Cervix) PJB1(2):287 ; Antitumor (Lung) PJB1(2):287 ; Antiviral PS75:161 ; Apoptotic X17350814 ; Artemicide LC50=110 ppm PC29(5):1667 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide QJC28:155 ; Caspase-8-Inducer X17358014 ; Estrogenic PHM9:52 ; Febrifuge HDN ; Gonadotrophic JE28:221 ; Hepatoprotective PMP23:60 ; Hypocholesterolemic 2-6 g/man/day/orl M30 9-3,330 mg/man/day/orl MAR ; Hypoglycemic JE27:243 ; Hypolipidemic 2-6 g/day; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spermicide JE28:221 ; Ubiquiot JBH ; Ulcerogenic 500 mg/kg ipr rat FT63(1):3
BETA-SITOSTEROL-BETA-D-GLUCOSIDE Plant: DUKE1992A
Antileukemic DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic 20 mg/kg MPI ; Antitumor DUKE1992B ; Hypoglycemic EMP6:158
BETULINIC-ACID Bark 1,800 ppm; JAD Root Bark 150 ppm; JAD
Anthelmintic X11315752 ; Antibacterial X10630117 ; Anticancer JBH ; Anticarcinomic JBH ; Antiedemic X7701004 ; AntiHIV 14.8 uM EC50=2.0 ug/ml JNP61:1090 IC50=6.5 ug/ml; Antiinflammatory PM61:9 ; Antileukemic X9353895 ; Antimalarial IC50=19-26 ug/ml PR13:115 ; Antimelanomic NYT3/28/95 ; Antinociceptive; Antiplasmodial PR13:115 ; Antitumor JBH ; Antiviral 14.8 uM; Apoptotic; Cytotoxic 16.4 uM JNP66:263 50-100 ppm BPCC ; Phospholipase-A2-Inhibitor X11684183 ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 200 ug/ml PC48:495 IC50=101 uM YHH30:621
BIOTIN Leaf: DUKE1992A
Antialopecic JLR1(2) ; Antidermatitic 3 mg/2x/day PAM ; Antineuralgic JN127:710 ; Antiseborrheic PAM
BUTYL-ALCOHOL Plant: DUKE1992A
CNS-Depressant M29 ; Dermatitigenic M11
BUTYLAMINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
CAFFEIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 4 ug/ml (weak activity) SKN43:99 ; Allergenic M&R317 ; Analgesic PMP23:51 ; Antiadenoviral EMP5:207 ; Antiaggregant JBH ; Antiaging PM69:1125 ; Antiatherogenic X15712986 ; Antibacterial; Anticancer JAF47:397 ; Anticarcinogenic EMP6:189 ; Antidepressant; Antiedemic EMP6:189 ; Antielastase IC50=86 ug/ml (475 uM) PM69:820 IC50=93 um/l X11199135 ; Antiescherichic PR14:561 ; Antiflu EMP5:207 ; Antigonadotropic JNM1:10 ; Antihemolytic 25 uM PC36:579 ; Antihepatoadenomic 200 ppm diet orl mus ACS661:230 ; Antihepatotoxic PM56:173 ; Antiherpetic 50 ug/ml EC50=>50 ug/ml POP:270 ; Antihistaminic DUKE1992B ; AntiHIV EC50=200 ug/ml; Antihypercholesterolemic EMP6:189 ; Antihyperthyroid; Antiinflammatory; AntiLegionella YAK122:487 ; Antileukemic AJC31:37 ; Antileukotriene DUKE1992B ; Antimelanogenic JAF50:3718 ; Antimutagenic PCF:18 ; Antinitrosaminic PCF:18 ; Antiophidic FT65(2):101 ; Antioxidant 1.3 x Vit. E BO2 1/2 BHA JAF50:889 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 30 mM JAF48:235 50 uM PC27:973 IC57=30 ppm PCF:221 ; Antiperoxidant IC35=200 ug/ml JAF50:2993 IC50=44 uM PM57:A54 IC85=100 ug/ml X15796587 ; Antiproliferant AJC31:37 ; Antiprostaglandin PJB1(1):169 ; Antiradicular 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 10 uM PC36:579 30 mM JAF48:235 IC50=32-35 uM JAF50:7022 ; Antiseptic JE26:76 ; Antispasmodic EC50=3.4-15 uM PR4:73 ; Antistaphylococcic PR14:561 ; Antistomatitic EMP5:207 ; Antisunburn PM61:510 ; Antithiamin PCF:69 ; Antithyroid JNM1:10 ; Antitumor 200 ppm diet orl mus; Antitumor (Skin) JAF50:3718 ; Antitumor-Promoter IC42=10 uM CR48:5941 ; Antiulcerogenic; Antivaccinia EMP5:207 ; Antiviral IC50=62.5 ug/ml; Anxiolytic X12802204 ; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=1.2 uM rbt K16299 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carcinogenic 2% (diet); Chemopreventive X15712986 ; Cholagogue WIC ; Choleretic 411 ; Clastogenic JBH ; CNS-Active WIC ; Co-carcinogenic PCF:44 ; Collagen-Sparing PM61:510 ; COX-2-Inhibitor IC32=100 uM JNP65:1517 ; Cytoprotective CAN ; Cytotoxic TC50=200 ug/ml POP:270 ; Diuretic WIC ; DNA-Active JBH ; DNA-Protective JAF50:7022 ; Fungicide MIC=0.4 mg/ml; Hepatocarcinogenic 400 ppm diet orl mus (in the absence of alcohol) ACS661:230 ; Hepatoprotective ACM:210 ; Hepatotropic DUKE1992B ; Histamine-Inhibitor DUKE1992B ; Immunostimulant PPL7:187 ; Insectifuge EB48:111 ; Leukotriene-Inhibitor DUKE1992B ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC27=5 mM JAF38:688 IC50=62-148 uM JAF44:2057 ; Lyase-Inhibitor IC50=94-164 uM JAF44:2057 ; Metal-Chelator PCF:25 ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor PCF:19 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Prooxidant JAFC45:632 ; Prostaglandigenic RWG27 ; Sedative 500 mg RWG17 ; Sunscreen IC50=2.5 mg/l FT64:134 IC91=5 mg/l FT64:134 IC98=25 mg/l FT64:134 ; Tumorigenic 505 ; Vulnerary JE26:76 ; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC50=39.21 uM MAB
CALCIUM Fruit 300 - 6,400 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 7,000 - 27,400 ppm DUKE1992A Root Bark 16,100 - 16,500 ppm DUKE1992A
Antiallergic 500 mg/day; Antianxiety DAS ; Antiarrhythmic 500-1,500 mg RAF ; Antiarthritic 1,000 mg/day WAF ; Antiatherosclerotic 500 mg/day WER ; Anticlimacteric 1,000-1,500 mg/day WAF ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidote (Aluminum) DAS ; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antihypertensive; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antimenopausal; Antiobesity PIL ; Antiosteoporotic 500-2,000 mg/day; Antiperiodontitic 750 mg/day WER ; AntiPMS 1 g/day; Antirheumatic 1,000 mg/day WAF ; Antistress 500-1,500 mg/day WAF ; Antitic DAS ; Anxiolytic; Calcium-Channel-Blocker NP6:1 ; Diuretic NP6:1 ; Hypocholesterolemic 500 mg/day WER ; Hypotensive 1 g/day WER ; Laxative 1,000-1,200 mg WAF ; Tranquilizer 500-1,500 mg/day WAF ; Vasodilator NP6:1
CALCIUM(CAO) Leaf 14,000 - 24,000 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
CALCIUM-MALATE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
CAMPESTEROL Plant: DUKE1992A
Antioxidant IC37=10 uM JMF5:1 ; Hypocholesterolemic JAD
CAPROIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A
Irritant M&R503
CARBOHYDRATES Fruit 97,000 - 813,000 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 400,000 - 633,000 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
CELLULOSE Leaf 86,000 - 106,000 ppm DUKE1992A
Hemostat M29
CHALCOMORACIN Root: DUKE1992A
Diels-Alder-Adduct RAA ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Phytoalexin RAA
CHLOROGENIC-ACID Leaf: DUKE1992A
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC50=1.8 uM rat (strong activity) CPB47:340 ; Allelochemic SN149:389 ; Allergenic; Analgesic PMP23:51 ; Antiatherosclerotic X11413687 ; Antibacterial; Anticancer (Colon) PAL:335 ; Anticancer (Forestomach) PAL:335 ; Anticancer (Liver) PAL:335 ; Anticancer (Skin) PAL:335 ; Anticarcinogenic JAF45:1523 ; Antidiabetic X15796587 ; AntiEBV EMP6:189 ; Antifeedant; Antigenotoxic JAF45:1523 ; Antigonadotropic JNM1:10 ; Antihemolytic 10 uM PC36:579 ; Antihepatotoxic PM56(2):173 ; Antiherpetic EMP5:194 ; Antihistaminic DUKE1992B ; AntiHIV EMP6:189 ; Antihypercholesterolemic EMP6:189 ; Antihyperthyroid; Antiinflammatory PCF:19 ; AntiLegionella YAK122:487 ; Antileukotriene DUKE1992B ; Antimelanogenic JAF50:3718 ; Antimutagenic PCF:245 ; Antinitrosaminic; Antioxidant IC50=54.2 uM X15796587 IC53=200 ppm PCF:21 IC80=12 uM PC27:973 ; Antiperoxidant IC50=36 uM PM57:A54 ; Antipolio V&E ; Antiradicular 10 uM PC36:579 9 x quercetin JAF47:397 ; Antiseptic PMP23:51 ; Antisunburn PM61:510 ; Antithyroid JNM1:10 ; Antitumor JBH ; Antitumor (Colon) PAL:335 ; Antitumor (Forestomach) PAL:335 ; Antitumor (Liver) PAL:335 ; Antitumor (Skin); Antitumor-Promoter IC25=10 uM; Antiulcer EMP6:189 ; Antiviral V&D ; Autotoxic JCE26:315 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cardioprotective; Chemopreventive JAF53:3882 ; Cholagogue WIC ; Choleretic KCH ; Clastogenic JAF38:805 ; CNS-Active WIC ; CNS-Stimulant 1/6 Caffeine; Collagen-Sparing PM61:510 ; Diuretic; Fungicide NIG ; Hepatoprotective KCH ; Histamine-Inhibitor DUKE1992B ; Hypoglycemic X15796587 ; Immunostimulant; Insectifuge EB48:111 ; Interferonogenic EMP1:124 ; Juvabional 382 ; Larvistat JBH ; Leukotriene-Inhibitor DUKE1992B ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC23=5 mM JAF38:688 ; Metal-Chelator PCF:25 ; NO-Genic JAF50:850 ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor PCF:19 ; Oviposition-Stimulant JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sunscreen PM61:510 ; Sweetener LAF ; Vulnerary CAN210
CHOLINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
Antialzheimeran 5-16 g/man/day; Antichoreic DAS ; Anticirrhotic 6,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Anticystinuric DUKE1992B ; Antidementia PJB1(1):171 ; Antidiabetic DUKE1992B ; Antidyskinetic 150-200 mg/kg/man/day MAR ; Antihomocysteine SN160:282 ; Antimanic 15-30 g/man/day/orl PAM ; Antinociceptive X579998 ; Antisteatotic JN133:1302 ; Cardiodepressant SN160:282 ; Cerebrotonic SN160:282 ; Cholinergic CAN ; Hepatoprotective JN127:893S ; Hypotensive DUKE1992B ; Ileorelaxant FT1990:509 ; Lipotropic JE26:86 ; Memorigenic SN160:282 ; Parasympathomimetic (1/1,000th acetylcholine) HDN
CHRYSANTHEMIN Fruit: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
CIS-5-HYDROXY-L-PIPECOLIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
CIS-BETA-GAMMA-HEXANOL Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
CITRIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A
Allergenic M&R610 ; Alpha-Amylase-Inhibitor X10879476 ; Antiaphthic 20,000 ppm MAR ; Antiatherosclerotic X11413687 ; Antibacterial PR14:303 ; Anticalculic JE26:81 ; Anticoagulant M11 ; Antileishmanic X18095647 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antioxidant Synergist M11 ; Antiseborrheic LRN-JUN89 ; Antiseptic M29 ; Antitubercular PR14:303 ; Antitumor EMP6:235 ; Disinfectant M29 ; FLavor FEMA 370-4,400 ARC ; Hemostat JE26:81 ; Irritant ZEB ; Laxative? LRN-SEP91 ; Litholytic M29 ; Mycobactericide PR14:303 ; Odontolytic ZEB ; Refrigerant MAR
COPPER Root Bark 6 ppm; DUKE1992A
Antianemic HYL ; Antiarthritic; Antidiabetic 2-4 mg/day WER ; Antifatigue HYL ; Antiinflammatory WER ; Antinociceptive WER ; Antiosteoporotic MPP ; Cardioprotective HYL ; Contraceptive MAR ; Hypocholesterolemic DAS ; Immunomodulator; Schizophrenigenic DAS
CUDRANIN Wood: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
CYANIDIN Fruit: DUKE1992A
Allelochemic IC90=1 mM 438 ; Antioxidant 4.4 x Vit. E ID50=3.5-22 uM JAF50:166 ; Metal-Chelator (Copper) JAC45:3362 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Pigment JBH ; Prooxidant JAC45:3362
CYANIDIN-3-GLUCOSIDE Fruit: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
CYCLOMORUSIN Root Bark: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
CYCLOMULBERRIN Root Bark: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
CYCLOMULBERROCHROMENE Root: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
DIHYDROKAEMPFEROL Wood: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
DIHYDROMORIN Wood: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
DIHYDROQUERCETIN Wood: DUKE1992A
Antimutagenic ID50=50-100 nM PCF:13 ; Antioxidant PC27:971 ; Antithiamin PCF:54
DIHYDROXYRESVERATROL Wood: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
ECDYSTERONE Leaf: DUKE1992A
Analgesic DUKE1992B ; Juvabional DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Proteinogenic DUKE1992B
ETHYL-2,4-DIHYROXYBENZOATE Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
EUGENOL Plant: DUKE1992A
Acaricide LD50=5.47 ug/sq cm cf DEET at 37.59 ug/sq cm; Allergenic M&R488 ; Analgesic M11 ; Anesthetic 200-400 PR4:93 ; Antiaggregant IC50=0.3 uM PR4:93 ; Antiarachidonate PJB1(2):269 ; Antibacterial 500 ppm VAL MBC=400 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Anticonvulsant JBH ; Antiedemic 100 PR4:95 ; Antiestrogenic X12495555 ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antigenotoxic 50-500 mg/kg orl mus X11313116 ; Antiherpetic IC50=16.2-25.6 ug/ml PR14:495 ; Antiinflammatory (11 uM) IC~97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; Antikeratotic IC50=16.2-25.6 ug/ml PR14:495 ; Antimitotic JBH ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antinitrosating PCF-I:200 ; Antioxidant 10 uM HHM7:7 IC65=30 ppm PCF:219 ; Antiprostaglandin 11 uM PM186:1986 IC50=9.2 mM POP:150 ; Antipyretic 3 ml/man/day DUKE1992B ; Antiradicular EC50=2 ul/l PMP22:233 ; Antisalmonella MIC=400 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Antiseptic 3 ml/man/day DUKE1992B 400 ug/ml JNP49:5750 ; Antispasmodic LAF ; Antistaphylococcic CWW ; Antithromboxane LRN-JUL87 ; AntiTNF X10871845 ; Antitumor JNP55:999 ; Antiulcer FT71:S131 ; Antiviral IC50=16.2-25.6 ug/ml PR14:495 ; Apifuge 382 ; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=200 uM gpg J14432 IC50=224 uM LAB58 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide PR4:93 ; Carcinogenic? NIG ; Carminative JPP46:16 ; Choleretic X1242658 ; CNS-Depressant JBH ; COX-1-Inhibitor IC97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; COX-2-Inhibitor IC50=129 uM JNP65:1517 IC>97=1,000 uM PHM7:7 ; Cytochrome-P450-Inhibitor PIZ ; Cytotoxic 25 ug/ml PR4:93 ; Dermatitigenic M&R489 ; Enterorelaxant JAR4:22 ; FLavor FEMA 10-500 ARC ; Fungicide PMP23:60 ; Hepatoprotective 100 ppm TOX107:39 ; Herbicide PMP23:60 ; Insecticide; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant; Juvabional 382 ; Larvicide JE26:72 ; Motor-Depressant BVC:162 ; Nematicide MLC=2,000 ug/ml SZ44:183 ; Neurotoxic RJH ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 1 mM rbt GPH27:629 IC50=9.2 uM; Sedative; Termiticide LD100=5 mg/g JAF50:1389 ; Trichomonicide LD100=300 ug/ml FT67:279 ; Trichomonistat IC50=10 ug/ml NIG ; Trypsin-Enhancer LRN-DEC93 ; Ulcerogenic PR4:93 ; Varroacide X10826162 ; Vasodilator PR14:495 ; Vermifuge DUKE1992B
FAT Fruit 4,000 - 32,000 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 68,000 - 74,000 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 330,000 - 380,000 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
FIBER Fruit 9,000 - 60,000 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 153,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker NP6:1 ; Antidiabetic DUKE1992B ; Antihypertensive NP6:1 ; Antiobesity DUKE1992B ; Antitumor PAM ; Antiulcer PAM ; Beta-Blocker NP6:1 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cardioprotective DUKE1992B ; Diuretic NP6:1 ; Hypocholesterolemic DUKE1992B ; Hypotensive 10 g/man/day/orl PAM ; Hypouricemic X12350076 ; Laxative DUKE1992B ; Vasodilator NP6:1
FOLACIN Leaf: DUKE1992A
Antianemic 5-20 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Anticervicaldysplasic 8-30 mg/wmn/day/orl PAM ; Anticheilitic DAS ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antigingivitic 2-5 mg/day/man PAM ; Antiglossitic DAS ; Antimyelotoxic 5 mg/day/orl/man M29 ; Antineuropathic DAS ; Antiperiodontitic PAM ; Antiplaque PAM ; Antipsychotic M29 ; AntiSpina-Bifida DAS ; Hematopoietic M11 ; Uricosuric PAM ; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor PAM
FOLINIC-ACID Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
FRUCTOSE Leaf: DUKE1992A
Antialcoholic JBH ; Antidiabetic JBH ; Antihangover DUKE1992B ; Antiketotic M11 ; Antinauseant JBH ; Laxative AJC62:1212 ; Neoplastic CRC ; Sweetener 2 x glucose JBH
GABA Leaf: DUKE1992A
Analeptic DUKE1992B ; Anticephalagic DUKE1992B ; Anticerebrotic JBH ; Antichoreic 1-32 g/man/day M29 ; Anticonvulsant 4,120 mg/kg ipr mus BBE ; Antihypertensive 1,000-4,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Antiinsomniac DUKE1992B ; Antilethargic DUKE1992B ; Antistress SHT76 ; Antitinnitic DUKE1992B ; Anxiolytic SHT76 ; Cardiovascular 208 ivn dog BBE ; CNS-Inhibitor 0.1 mg/kg ivn cat BBE 100 mg/kg ivn dog BBE 2,500 mg/kg scu mus BBE ; Diuretic 1,500-4,000 mg/man/day IJO13:168 ; Hypotensive 1,000-4,000 mg/day DUKE1992B ; Neuroinhibitor OHAI13:165 ; Neurotoxic (to birds) JBH ; Neurotransmitter; Sedative HG40:12 ; Tranquilizer WER
GLUCOSE Leaf: DUKE1992A
Acetylcholinergic DUKE1992B ; Antiedemic JBH ; Antihepatotoxic M11 ; Antiketotic M11 ; Antivaricose JBH ; Hyperglycemic M11 ; Memory-Enhancer SN138:189.1990
GLUTAMIC-ACID Leaf: DUKE1992A
Antialkali? 500-1,000 mg/day/orl/man M29 ; Antiepileptic DUKE1992B ; Antihyperammonemic M29 ; Antilithic PAM ; Antiprostatitic 125-250 mg 3 x/day WER ; Antiretardation JBH ; Anxiolytic M11 ; Neurotoxic JBH
GLUTATHIONE Leaf: DUKE1992A
ACE-Inhibitor IC50=3.2 ug/ml LAB54 ; Anticytotoxic PM56(2):190 ; Antidote (Heavy Metals) M29 ; Antieczemic M29 ; Antihepatitic M29 ; Antioxidant PM56(6):666 ; Cancer-Preventive 525
GUAIACOL Plant: DUKE1992A
Anesthetic DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial 8,000 ppm VAL ; Antidermatitic JBH ; Antieczemic JBH ; Antiesophagitic M29 ; Antiseptic M29 ; Antituberculic DUKE1992B ; Cardiodepressant ZEB ; Cardiotonic LRNP:JUL'96 ; Dermal ZEB ; Emetic ZEB ; Expectorant 0.3-0.6 ml/man MAR ; FLavor FEMA <1-1 ARC ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor IC50=57 uM FRBM26:193 ; Transdermal ZEB
HEXALDEHYDE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
HEXEN-(2)-AL-(1) Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
HYDROXYCINNAMIC-ACID Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
HYDROXYRESVERATROL Wood 20,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
INOKOSTERONE Leaf 10 ppm; DUKE1992A
Abortifacient JBH ; Anabolic JBH ; Analgesic DUKE1992B ; Juvabional JBH ; Proteinogenic JBH
IRON Fruit 19 - 247 ppm DUKE1992A Root Bark 70 - 290 ppm DUKE1992A
Antiakathisic M29 ; Antianemic M29 ; Anticanker; Anticheilitic DAS ; Antimenorrhagic 100 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM ; Prooxidant PIL
IRON-OXIDE(FE2O3) Leaf 500 - 2,600 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
ISOAMYL-ALCOHOL Plant: DUKE1992A
Emetic ZEB ; Irritant ZEB ; Perfume ZEB
ISOBUTYRALDEHYDE Leaf: DUKE1992A
Perfumery DUKE1992B
ISOBUTYRIC-ACID Leaf: DUKE1992A
Irritant; Transdermal ZEB
ISOQUERCETIN Fruit: DUKE1992A
Antiretroviral NM48:213 ; Antiviral NM48:213 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
ISOQUERCITRIN Leaf: DUKE1992A
ACE-Inhibitor ID50=300 ug/ml rat (24 hr.) T15015 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor JBH ; Antibacterial JBH ; Anticancer JAF47:397 ; Antielastase IC50=0.7 ug/ml DUKE1992B ; Antifeedant 450 ; Antiinflammatory X16248545 ; Antinociceptive PR14:401 ; Antioxidant 1/4 quercetin IC50=9.0 uM PR14:501 ; Antiradicular 1/4 quercetin JAF47:397 ; Antitumor JAF47:397 ; Antitumor-Promoter JAF47:397 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Capillarigenic DUKE1992B ; Diaphoretic PJB1(3):242 ; Diuretic 10 ppm HHB ; Hypotensive CPB38:1049 ; Insectiphile JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; TNF-alpha-Inhibitor X16248545 ; Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor 550 ug/ml AAC41:992
KAEMPFEROL Wood: DUKE1992A
11B-HSD-Inhibitor CPT59:62 ; 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC50 (uM)=20; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uM JBC8:211 ; Antiaflatoxin IC50=3.28 ppm X11714299 IC50=8.73 uM X11714299 ; Antiaggregant 30 uM; Antiallergic RWG122 ; Antibacterial 20 ug/ml; Anticancer JAF47:397 ; Antifertility 250 mg/kg/day/60 days/orl rat PMP23:193 ; Antigingivitic 20 ug/ml JNP59:987 ; Antiherpetic 23-92 ug/ml JNP55:1732 ; Antihistaminic 411 ; Antiimplantation JE32:175 ; Antiinflammatory 20 mg/kg DUKE1992B 200 mg/kg ipr rat DUKE1992B ; Antileukemic IC50=3.1 ug/ml LS55:1061 ; Antilymphocytic JBH ; Antimutagenic ID50=10-40 nM PCF ; Antioxidant 3/4 quercetin JAF49:3653 IC50=1.2 ug/ml JAF50:3150 IC50=40 uM PC27:972 ; Antiperiodontic 20 ug/ml JNP59:987 ; Antiplaque JNP59:987 ; Antiradicular 7 x quercetin; Antiseptic 20 ug/ml JNP59:987 ; Antiserotonin 200 mg/kg ipr rat FT63(1):3 ; Antispasmodic 411 ; Antistaphylococcic PR14:561 ; Antitumor JAF47:397 ; Antitumor-Promoter CPB38:774 ; Antiulcer 50-200 mg/kg ipr rat; Antiviral 23-92 ug/ml; Apoptotic 60 uM X10673981 ; Aromatase-Inhibitor IC12=1 uM/l JMF2:235 ; cAMP-Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor AFR27:180 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carcinogenic ZUL ; Choleretic LAF ; Copper-Chelator X10976523 ; COX-2-Inhibitor COX:50 ; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor IC50 (uM) =20; Cytotoxic JAF50:850 ; Diaphoretic? LRN-DEC90 ; Diuretic BJP3:10 ; Estrogenic EC50=0.1-25 uM/l JMF2:227 EC50=0.56 uM X10923837 ; Fungicide 20 ug/ml FNF ; Hepatoprotective IC50=1.30 ppm X11714299 IC50=5.46 uM X11714299 ; HIV-RT-Inhibitor IC50=50-150 ug/ml JNP54:142 ; Hypotensive FT1990:508 ; ICAM-1-Inhibitor X15322261 ; iNOS-Inhibitor IC50=13.9 uM X15832817 IC50=<15 uM X10506109 ; Inotropic X10404425 ; Iodothyronine-Deiodinase-Inhibitor JBH ; JNK-Inhibitor X15322261 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor JBH ; MAO-Inhibitor X10813558 ; Mutagenic; Natriuretic BJP3:10 ; Neuroprotective X10813558 ; NO-Inhibitor IC50=13.9 uM X15832817 ; PAF-Inhibitor FT67:548 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Protisticide PR13:102 ; Quinone-Reductase-Inducer 3 uM; Teratologic DUKE1992B ; TNF-alpha-Inhibitor IC50=3.99 uM JMF6:365 ; Topoisomerase-I-Inhibitor TIH14:223 ; Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=8.1 ug/ml JNP58:217 ; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=230 uM; Uterotrophic EC50=0.1-25 uM/l JMF2:227 ; Vasodilator JAFC48:220
KUWANON-A Root Bark: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
KUWANON-B Root Bark: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
KUWANON-C Root Bark: DUKE1992A
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uM PAT0368,517
KUWANON-F Root Bark: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
KUWANON-G Root Bark: DUKE1992A
Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Hypotensive DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
KUWANON-H Root Bark: DUKE1992A
Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Hypotensive DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
KUWANON-I Tissue Culture: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
KUWANON-J Tissue Culture: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
LEUCINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Essential JBH
LINALOL Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
LINOLEIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A
5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor; Antiacne JAR12:99 ; Antialopecic X12033503 ; Antianaphylactic EMP6:189 ; Antiandrogenic X12033503 ; Antiarteriosclerotic JE26:80 ; Antiarthritic EMP6:189 ; Anticoronary JBH ; Antieczemic EMP6:189 ; Antifibrinolytic EMP1:53 ; Antigranular DUKE1992B ; Antihistaminic EMP6:189 ; Antiinflammatory IC50=31 uM; Antileukotriene-D4 POP:153 ; Antimenorrhagic PAM ; AntiMS EMP6:189 ; Antiprostatitic PAM ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carcinogenic SN146:421 ; Comedolytic JAR12:99 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Hypocholesterolemic GAS ; Immunomodulator EMP6:189 ; Insectifuge 382 ; Metastatic SN146:421 ; Nematicide NIG ; Propecic X12033503
LUPEOL Plant: DUKE1992A
Antiangiogenic 30-50 ug/ml PR4:341 ; AntiEBV JNP65:645 ; Antiedemic PM60:516 ; Antiflu JNP67:344 ; Antihyperglycemic JBH ; Antiinflammatory 1/3 Indomethacin PM60:516 ; Antilithic 25 mg/kg/day FT67:121 ; Antimalarial IC50=46.8 ug/ml JE15:204 ; Antioxalate 25 mg/kg/day FT67:121 ; Antioxidant FT67:121 ; Antiperoxidant FT67:121 ; Antiprostaglandin X11732756 ; Antirheumatic DUKE1992B ; Antitumor JBH ; Antiurethrotic DUKE1992B ; Antiviral JNP67:344 ; Cytotoxic 50-500 ppm DUKE1992B ; FPTase-Inhibitor IC50=65 ug/ml JNP59:658 ; Hypotensive JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; TOPO-2-Inhibitor IC50=10.4 uM JNP64:1545
M-CRESOL Plant: DUKE1992A
Antiseptic M11 ; Fumigant M11 ; Hemolytic 3,000 ppm MAR ; Irritant MAR ; Parasiticide DUKE1992B ; Perfumery 0.1% ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Rodenticide LD50=1,100 cut rat AFR27:165
MACLURIN Wood: DUKE1992A
Dye M11
MAGNESIUM Root Bark 2,310 - 2,450 ppm DUKE1992A
Antiaggregant 400 mg/day; Antialcoholic PIL ; Antianginal WER ; Antianorectic DAS ; Antianxiety WER ; Antiarrhythmic; Antiarthritic DAS ; Antiasthmatic PAM ; Antiatherosclerotic; Anticephalagic PIL ; AntiCFS PIL ; Anticlimacteric 500-750 mg/day; Anticonvulsant FAC ; Anticoronary 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidiabetic 400-800 mg/man/day; Antidysmenorrheic 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Antiendometriotic 500 mg/day WAF ; Antienterotic KEN ; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day; Antifatigue KEN ; Antifibromyalgic 200-300 mg 3x/day; Antigastrotic KEN ; Antiglaucomic ABEL1999 ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antihypertensive NP6:1 ; Antihypoglycemic DAS ; Antiinflammatory 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antilithic PAM ; AntiLyme 400-1,000 mg; Antimastalgic PAM ; Antimenopausal 500-750 mg/day; Antimigraine 200 mg/day/man WER ; Antimitral-valve-prolapse PIL ; AntiMS; Antinephrolytic; Antineurotic DAS ; Antiosteoporotic 500-1,000 mg/day/wmn/orl; Antiplaque 500-1,000 mg/day WAF ; AntiPMS 400-800 mg/day/wmn orl 400-800 mg/day/wmn/orl; AntiRaynaud's 280-350 mg/day WAF ; Antiretinopathic 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antispasmodic PIL ; Antispasmophilic 500 mg/day WER ; Antistress 500-750 mg/day WAF ; Antistroke 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antisyndrome-X 400 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Anxiolytic 500-750 mg/day; Calcium-Antagonist; Cardioprotective PIL ; CNS-Depressant FAC ; Diuretic NP6:1 ; Hypocholesterolemic 400 mg/day WER ; Hypotensive 260-500 mg/day; Immunomodulator KEN ; Insulinogenic 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Laxative 300-500 mg/day; Litholytic PIL ; Myorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Neurotransmitter; Tranquilizer 500-750 mg/day WAF ; Uterorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Vasodilator
MAGNESIUM(MGO) Leaf 2,500 - 7,200 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
MALIC-ACID Leaf: DUKE1992A
Antiatherosclerotic X11413687 ; Antibacterial PR14:303 ; Antifibromyalgic 300 mg 3x/day PIL ; Antioxidant Synergist M11 ; Antiseborrheic LRN-JUN89 ; Antiseptic M29 ; Antitubercular PR14:303 ; Antitumor EMP6:235 ; Bacteristat DUKE1992B ; Bruchiphobe 382 ; Hemopoietic DUKE1992B ; Laxative? LRN-SEP91 ; Mycobactericide PR14:303 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Sialogogue M29
MANGANESE Root Bark 15 - 37 ppm DUKE1992A
Antialcoholic FHN ; Antianemic MAR ; Antiarthritic PIL ; Antidiabetic 10-30 mg/man/day 3-5 mg/day WER ; Antidiscotic DAS ; Antidyskinetic MAR ; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day WER ; Antiosteoporotic; Antiototic DAS ; Antioxidant PIL ; AntiPMS PIL ; Antisyndrome-X 10-30 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Hypoglycemic
METHYL-ETHYL-ACETALDEHYDE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
METHYL-ETHYL-KETONE Leaf: DUKE1992A
FLavor FEMA 20-250 ARC
METHYL-HEXYL-KETONE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
METHYL-SALICYLATE Plant: DUKE1992A
Allergenic MAR ; Analgesic JE26:76 ; Anaphrodisiac X10972120 ; Antiinflammatory PM56(6):660 ; Antioxidant X8042906 ; Antipyretic DUKE1992B ; Antiradicular JPP42:205 ; Antirheumatalgic MAR ; Antiseptic JAF44:2802 ; Antitartar X12537346 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carminative JE26:76 ; Counterirritant M11 ; Dentifrice ARC ; FLavor FEMA 70-8,000 ARC ; Fungicide X16719518 ; Herpetifuge X2192901 ; Insectifuge JCE20:2847 ; Insectiphile X15112723 ; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
MORACENIN-D Root: DUKE1992A
Hypotensive DUKE1992B
MORACETIN Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
MORACHALCONE-A Tissue Culture: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
MORIN Wood 3,000 - 4,400 ppm DUKE1992A
ACE-Inhibitor IC60-90=333 ug/ml LAB54 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uM JBC8:211 ; Antifeedant IC52=<1000 ppm diet 438 ; Antiherpetic V&D ; Antioxidant IC50=1.73mM PM56(6):679 ; Antispasmodic DUKE1992B ; Antitumor-Promoter CPB38:774 ; Antiviral V&D ; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor IC50 (uM) =180; Dye M11 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC50 (uM)=160; Myorelaxant MPI ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Topoisomerase-I-Inhibitor IC50=42.1 ug/ml (weak activity) JNP58:217 ; Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=40.8 ug/ml JNP58:217
MORUSIN Root Bark: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
MUCILAGE Fruit: DUKE1992A
Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Demulcent PJB1(2):279 ; Hypocholesterolemic GAZ
MULBERRANOL Root Bark: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
MULBERRIN Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
MULBERROCHROMENE Root: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
MULBERROFURAN-B Root Bark: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
MULBERROFURAN-M Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
MULBERROFURAN-N Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
MYRISTIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A
Antioxidant IC71=60 JAF50:2231 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cosmetic JBH ; Hypercholesterolemic GAS ; Lubricant JBH ; Nematicide NIG
N-BUTANOL Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
N-BUTYRALDEHYDE Leaf: DUKE1992A
FLavor FEMA <1-5 ARC
NIACIN Fruit 7 - 54 ppm DUKE1992A
Allergenic WER ; Antiacrodynic DUKE1992B ; Antiallergic 50 mg/2x/day WER ; Antialzheimeran PIL ; Antiamblyopic DUKE1992B ; Antianginal DUKE1992B ; Anticataract DUKE1992B ; Antichilblain JBH ; Anticonvulsant 3 g/day WER ; Antidementia PIL ; Antidermatitic DAS ; Antidiabetic DUKE1992B ; Antidysphagic DUKE1992B ; Antiepileptic WER ; Antihangover 50 mg WAF ; Antihistaminic 50 mg 2x/day WER ; Antihyperactivity 1.5-6 g/day WER ; Antiinsomnic 1 g/day WER ; AntiLyme 50 mg/day; AntiMeniere's JAD ; Antineuralgic DUKE1992B ; Antiparkinsonian 100 mg/day WER ; Antipellagric DAS ; AntiRaynaud's 1,500-4,000 mg/day WAF ; Antiscotomic DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic 100 mg 2x/day WER ; Antivertigo DUKE1992B ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cardioprotective PIL ; Circulotonic PIL ; Fibrinolytic MPP ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Hepatotoxic PIL ; Hypocholesterolemic 50-100 mg 3x/day; Hypoglycemic DUKE1992B ; Hypolipidemic RWG:17 ; Sedative PAM ; Serotoninergic PAM ; Vasodilator M29
NORARTOCARPANONE Wood: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
O-CRESOL Plant: DUKE1992A
Allelochemic IC50=0.36 mM 438 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antiseptic M11 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Rodenticide LD 50=620 cut rat AFR27:165
OLEIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A
5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor; Allergenic M&R495 ; Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor X12033503 ; Anemiagenic DUKE1992B ; Antialopecic X12033503 ; Antiandrogenic X12033503 ; Antiinflammatory IC50=21 uM POP:153 ; Antileukotriene-D4 POP:153 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Choleretic 5 ml/man DUKE1992B ; Dermatitigenic M&R495 ; FLavor FEMA 1-30 ARC ; Hypocholesterolemic GAS ; Insectifuge 382 ; Irritant M11 ; Percutaneostimulant CPB38:3086 ; Perfumery ARC ; Propecic X12033503
OXALIC-ACID Leaf: DUKE1992A
Acaricide X12090773 ; Antiseptic DUKE1992B ; CNS-Paralytic JBH ; Fatal M29 ; Hemostatic M11 ; Irritant M&R499 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Renotoxic M11 ; Varroacide X12090773
OXYDIHYDROMORUSIN Root Bark: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
OXYRESVERATROL Wood: DUKE1992A
Antioxidant IC50=3.3-4.3 uM X12391560
P-CRESOL Plant: DUKE1992A
Allelochemic IC50=1.13 mM 438 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antiseptic JBH ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; FLavor FEMA <1 ARC ; Parasiticide JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Rodenticide LD50=1,100 cut rat AFR27:165
PALMITOLEIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A
5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor X1637346 ; Soap JBH
PECTIN Leaf: DUKE1992A
Antiatheromic 15 g/man/day HSC25:1485 ; Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Antidiabetic 10 g/man/day/orl; Antidiarrheic M11 ; Antienteritic GAZ ; Antigallstone WAF ; Antigastritic GAZ ; Antilithic WAF ; Antimetastatic PIL ; Antimutagenic PM65:395 ; Antiobesity JNU ; Antitumor (Colon) PM65:395 ; Antitumor (Prostate) PIL ; Antitussive DUKE1992B ; Antiulcer DUKE1992B ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Chemopreventive PM65:395 ; Demulcent DUKE1992B ; Fungicide LAF ; Hemostat DUKE1992B ; Hypocholesterolemic; Hypoglycemic JNU ; Peristaltic DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
PELARGONIDIN-3-GLUCOSIDE Fruit: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
PETUNIDIN-3-RUTINOSIDE Fruit: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
PHENOL Plant: DUKE1992A
Analgesic M29 ; Anesthetic JE26:79 ; Antibacterial JE26:79 ; Antihemorrhoidal MAR ; Antihydrocoele M29 ; Antiincontinence M29 ; AntiMS M29 ; Antionychogryphotic MAR ; Antiotitic MAR ; Antioxidant 505 ; Antiprostatitic M29 ; Antipyruvetic JBH ; Antiseptic DUKE1992B ; Antisinusitic MAR ; Antispastic MAR ; Antiviral M29 ; Antiwrinkle MAR ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Carcinogenic DUKE1992B ; CNS-Depressant M29 ; Emetic M29 ; Fungicide M29 ; Hemolytic 5,400 ppm MAR ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Rodenticide LD50=1,040 cut rat AFR27:165 ; Vasodilator DUKE1992B
PHOSPHORUS Fruit 320 - 3,200 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 2,400 - 4,500 ppm DUKE1992A
Antiosteoporotic DAS ; Anxiolytic WAF ; Immunostimulant DAS ; Osteogenic DAS
PHOSPHORUS(P2O3) Leaf 6,500 - 14,000 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
PHYTATE-PHOSPHORUS Leaf 1,183 - 2,548 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
PICEATANNOL Wood: DUKE1992A
Allelopathic DUKE1992B ; Antileukemic FT1990:483 ; Antioxidant JAF48:253 ; Artemicide DUKE1992B ; Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Phytoalexin DUKE1992B ; Piscicide DUKE1992B
PIPECOLIC-ACID Leaf: DUKE1992A
Herbistat JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
POTASSIUM Fruit 1,520 - 10,133 ppm DUKE1992A Root Bark 4,180 - 5,270 ppm DUKE1992A
Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker NP6:1 ; Antiarrhythmic DAS ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antifatigue DAS ; Antihypertensive; Antispasmodic DAS ; Antistroke; Anxiolytic WAF ; Beta-Blocker NP6:1 ; Cardioprotective 3,000-5,000 mg PIL ; Cardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Diuretic NP6:1 ; Hypotensive; Vasodilator NP6:1
POTASSIUM(K2O) Leaf 20,000 - 39,200 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
PROLINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
PROPIONIC-ACID Leaf: DUKE1992A
FLavor FEMA 1-36,000 ARC ; Fungicide 2,500-36,000; Irritant ZEB ; Perfumery DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Rubefacient ZEB
PROTEIN Fruit 15,000 - 120,000 ppm DUKE1992A Leaf 140,000 - 288,000 ppm DUKE1992A Seed 250,000 ppm; DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
QUERCETIN Plant: DUKE1992A
11B-HSD-Inhibitor CPT59:62 ; 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC50 (uM)=4; Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC70-96=10 uM X16394541 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uM 4 ug/ml SKN43:99 IC50=0.344 uM ZZZ18:623 IC50=0.84 ug/ml cow CPB43:1385 ; Allelochemic IC82=1 mM 438 ; Allergenic JBH ; Analgesic FT63(3):197 ; Antiaflatoxin IC50=25 uM X11714299 IC50=7.5 ppm X11714299 ; Antiaggregant 30 uM JAF45:4505 IC50=55 uM EMP5:333 ; Antiaging PM69:1125 ; Antiallergic IC50=14 uM JIM127:546 ; Antialzheimeran COX ; Antianaphylactic PR4(5):201 ; Antiangiogenic EJP459:255 ; Antiarthritic COX ; Antiasthmatic; Antiatherosclerotic X11020457 ; Antibacterial JBH ; Anticarcinomic (Breast) IC50=1.5 uM MED ; Anticariogenic ID50=120 ug/ml JAF48:5666 ; Anticataract PM56(3):258 ; Anticolitic 400 mg/man/3x/day PAM ; Anticomplementary JNP65:1457 ; AntiCrohn's PAM ; Anticystitic 1,000 mg/day/4 weeks X11272677 ; Antidepressant JMF6:391 ; Antidermatitic PAM ; Antidiabetic; Antielastase IC50=0.8 ug/ml DUKE1992B ; Antiencephalitic EMP5:199 ; Antiescherichic X10857921 ; Antiestrogenic; Antifeedant IC52=<1,000 ppm diet 438 ; Antifibrosarcomic JAF45:4505 ; Antiflu V&D ; Antigastric RR21:85 ; Antigonadotropic JBH ; AntiGTF ID50=120 ug/ml JAF48:5666 ; Antihepatotoxic PM56(2):171 ; Antiherpetic 48-150 ug/ml; Antihistaminic IC50=<10 uM; AntiHIV JNP60(9):884 ; Antihydrophobic V&D ; Antihypertensive KCH ; Antiinflammatory 20-150 mg/kg FT5:1990 ; Antileishmanic IC50=64 JNP65:1457 ; Antileukemic 5.5-60 uM BO2 IC50=10 uM EMP5:225 IC50=>10 ug/ml LS55:1061 ; Antileukotriene PAM ; Antilipoperoxidant IC67=50; Antimalarial IC50=1-6.4 ug/ml MPT ; Antimelanomic; Antimetastatic BO2 ; Antimutagenic ID50=0.62 ug/ml X14586095 ID50=2-5 nM PCF ; Antimyocarditic EMP5:199 ; Antinitrosaminic PAL:339 ; Antinociceptive PR14:40 ; Antioxidant 4.7 x Vit. E BO2 ED50=2.3 uM PR14:93 IC47=10 uM JMF5:1 IC96=300 ppm PCF ; Antipancreatitic JNU ; Antiperiodontal PAM ; Antiperistaltic X14646351 ; Antipermeability DUKE1992B ; Antiperoxidant PM57:A110 ; Antipharyngitic PAM ; Antiplaque PAM ; Antiplasmodial IC50=13-64 JNP65:1457 ; AntiPMS 500 mg/2x/day/wmn PAM ; Antipodriac; Antipolio PAM ; Antiproliferant 10 nM; Antiprostanoid PCF:51 ; Antiprostatitic JNU ; Antipsoriac PAM ; Antiradicular IC50=4.6 uM PM56(6):695 ; Antispasmodic; Antistreptococcic ID50=120 ug/ml JAF48:5666 ; Antithiamin PCF:69 ; Antithrombic PAL:339 ; Antitrypanosomic IC50=13 JNP65:1457 ; Antitumor 10 uM; Antitumor (Bladder) JNM7:51 ; Antitumor (Breast) JNM7:51 ; Antitumor (Colon) JAF45:4505 ; Antitumor (Lung) X10918203 ; Antitumor (Ovary) JNM7:51 ; Antitumor (Skin) 20 uM BO2 ; Antitumor-Promoter PAM ; Antiulcer PR14:581 ; Antiviral 48-150 ug/ml JNP55:1732 IC50=10 uM EMP5:225 ; Apoptotic 20-60 uM; ATPase-Inhibitor NIG ; Bacteristat 10 mg/ml QRNM(SUMMER):91 ; Bradycardiac KCH ; Calmodulin-Antagonist PAM ; cAMP-Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor PAM ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Candidicide X10857921 ; Capillariprotective M11 ; Carcinogenic 40,000 ppm (diet) mus NIG ; Catabolic AFR27:173 ; COMT-Inhibitor QRNM1997:293 ; Copper-Chelator; COX-2-Inhibitor <40 uM BO2 ; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor PCF:49 ; Cytochrome-P450-1A2-Inhibitor X11752233 ; Cytotoxic ED50=70 ug/ml PM56(6):677 IC82=100 ug/ml PM57:A113 ; Deiodinase-Inhibitor JNM1:10 ; Diaphoretic? LRN-DEC90 ; Differentiator 5.5 uM BO2 ; Estrogenic 10% genistein B02 ; Fungicide X10857921 ; Glucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor ID50=120 ug/ml JAF48:5666 ; Hemostat KCH ; Hepatomagenic 5,000 ppm (diet) rat PCF ; Hepatoprotective FT67:200 ; HIV-RT-Inhibitor IC50=<1 ug/ml JNP53(5):1239 ; Hypoglycemic 100 mg/kg orl rat JE27:243 ; iNOS-Inhibitor IC50=20 uM; Inotropic X10404425 ; Insulinogenic PAM ; Juvabional 438 ; Larvistat 8,000 ppm diet 438 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC11=1.25 mM JAF38:688 IC50=0.1-5 uM DFN:154 ; MAO-A-Inhibitor QRNM1997:293 ; Mast-Cell-Stabilizer DUKE1992B ; Metal-Chelator (Copper) PR14:93 ; Metalloproteinase-Inhibitor IC50=>42 uM X10723772 ; MMP-9-Inhibitor 20 uM BO2 ; Mutagenic HG22:27 ; NADH-Oxidase-Inhibitor BJP3:10 ; NEP-Inhibitor IC50=>42 uM X10723772 ; Neuroprotective 5-25 uM; NF-kB-Inhibitor X15180920 ; NO-Inhibitor IC50=20 uM X15832817 IC>50=125 uM JAF50:850 ; NO-Synthase-Inhibitor 5-50 uM; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor <10 uM; P450-Inducer 5 uM FNF ; P450-Inhibitor 50-100 uM FNF ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; PGE2-Inhibitor X12144868 ; Phospholipase-Inhibitor BJP3:10 ; Plasmodicide HDN ; Proliferant X12224631 ; Prostaglandin-Synthesis-Inhibitor 40 ug/ml PR11:281 ; Protein-Kinase-C-Inhibitor PCF:14 ; PTK-Inhibitor 0.4-24 uM BO2 ; Quinone-Reductase-Inducer 13 uM 6 uM CLE120:213 ; Teratologic DUKE1992B ; TNF-alpha-Inhibitor IC50=3.11 uM JMF6:365 ; Topoisomerase-I-Inhibitor IC50=12.8 ug/ml IC50=42 uM BO2 ; Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=1-6.9 ug/ml IC50=23-40 uM BO2 ; Tumorigenic 0.1% diet orl rat/yr 505 ; Tyrosinase-Inhibitor ID50=70 uM; Tyrosine-Kinase-Inhibitor EMP6:170 ; Vasodilator; VEGF-Inhibitor X16737615 ; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor 3.1 uM PM69:1125 IC50=10.6 ug/ml X12591129 IC50=>0.4 ug/ml CPB38:1772
QUERCETIN-3'-GLUCOSIDE Leaf: DUKE1992A
Antibacterial PMPP37:281 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
QUERCITRIN Leaf: DUKE1992A
ACE-Inhibitor IC50=0.67 mM/ K25469 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 0.1-100 uM 0.5-4 ug/ml IC50=2 uM CPB38:2733 IC50=64 uM rat SPJ4:45 IC55=0.1 uM PM56(3):257 IC55=0.15 uM; Antiarrhythmic DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial JBH ; Anticataract PM239:1986 ; Antiedemic KCH ; Antifeedant IC52=<1,000 ppm diet 438 ; Antiflu AYL ; Antihemorrhagic JBH ; Antihepatotoxic; Antiherpetic EMP5:198 ; Antiinflammatory KCH ; Antimutagenic ID50=2-5 nM PCF ; Antioxidant IC50=120 uM PC27:972 ; Antipurpuric DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic JE26:76 ; Antistaphylococcic 0.412% HG40:24 ; Antithrombogenic DUKE1992B ; Antitumor DUKE1992B ; Antiulcer JBH ; Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cardiotonic DUKE1992B ; Choleretic LAF ; CNS-Depressant DUKE1992B ; Cyclooxygenase-Activator 200 uM HH2 ; Detoxicant LAF ; Diuretic KCH ; Dye M11 ; Hemostat JBH ; Hepatotonic DUKE1992B ; Hypoglycemic EMP6:189 ; Hypotensive DUKE1992B ; Insectiphile JBH ; MAO-A-Inhibitor QRNM1997:293 ; MAO-Inhibitor HG40:12 ; Paralytic DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Vasopressor JE26:76
RESORCINOL Wood: DUKE1992A
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 909.1 uM PR7:252 ; Allelochemic IC50=1.1 mM 438 ; Antiacne; Antibacterial DUKE1992B ; Anticolitic DUKE1992B ; Antidermatotic DUKE1992B ; Antieczemic DUKE1992B ; Antioxidant 505 ; Antipruritic M29 ; Antipsoriac DUKE1992B ; Antiseborrheic M29 ; Antiseptic DUKE1992B ; Antithyroid M29 ; Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Irritant M29 ; Keratolytic MAR ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
RESVERATROL Wood: DUKE1992A
5-HETE-Inhibitor IC50=3-9 uM BO2 ; 5-HT-Inhibitor BO2 ; 5-Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC50=1-9 uM JE45:131 IC50=48 uM BO2 ; Akt-Inhibitor X15517885 ; Antiaggregant IC50=0.016-232 uM/L IC50=100 uM JAF48:1234 ; Antiangiogenic X15517885 ; Antibacterial JE26:82 ; Anticancer; Anticarcinogenic X15517885 ; Antiedemic ED50 SCI275:218 ; Antieicosanoid; Antiinflammatory IC50=2.6 uM POP:157 ; Antileukemic 15-30 uM BO2 ; Antileukotriene IC50=1.37 uM JE45:131 ; Antilipoperoxidant IC50=2 mg/L; Antimutagenic ED50=4 uM SCI275:218 ; Antioxidant 2 x Vit. E BO2 IC50=2 mg/L JAF44:2124 ; Antiperoxidant JBH ; Antiproliferant; Antiprostaglandin IC50=2.6 uM POP:157 ; Antiradicular ED50=27 uM SCI275:218 ; Antiseptic PC32:1083 ; Antithrombic IC50=100 uM JAF48:1234 ; Antitumor; Antitumor (Mammary) ED50=3.1 uM SCI275:218 ; Antitumor (Prostate) 25 uM BO2 ; Antitumor (Skin) 5+ uM BO2 ID68=1 uM SCI275:218 ; Apoptotic IC50=15-30 uM; Artemicide DUKE1992B ; Beta-Glucuronidase-Inhibitor IC50=~25 uM BO2 ; Cardioprotective JAF48:2681 ; Casein-Kinase-II-Inhibitor X15517885 ; Chemopreventive; COX-1-Inhibitor 50 uM/ PHB36:28 ED50=15 uM SCI275:218 ; COX-2-Inhibitor 30 uM/ PHB36:35 50 uM/ >2.5->22.5 uM; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor IC50=15 uM; CYP1A1-Inhibitor X15517885 ; Differentiator IC50=18 uM BO2 ; Elastase-Inhibitor IC50=37 uM BO2 ; Estrogenic 22% of genistein; Fungicide CCO ; Hepatoprotective; HIF-1alpha-Inhibitor X15297429 ; Hydroperoxidase-Inhibitor SCI275:218 ; Hypocholesterolemic NYT8:14'91 ; Hypotriglyceridemic LAF ; IKB-kinase-Inhibitor X15517885 ; JNK-Inhibitor X15517885 ; Lipolytic JBH ; MAPK-Inhibitor X15517885 ; NADH-Ubiquinone-Oxidoreductase-Inhibitor PNA95(7):3380 ; NF-kB-Inhibitor; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor PNA95(7):3380 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Phytoalexin PC29(5):1501 ; PKC-Inhibitor X15517885 ; PKD-Inhibitor X15517885 ; PTK-Inhibitor 110-263 uM; Quinone-Reductase-Inducer ED100=21 uM; Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=49 uM JNP61:362 ; VEGF-Inhibitor X15297429
RIBOFLAVIN Fruit 1 - 14 ppm DUKE1992A
Antiarabiflavinotic 2-10 mg/day orl MAR ; Anticarpal-Tunnel 50 mg/day WER ; Anticataract 15 mg/day WER ; Anticephalagic PIL ; Anticervicaldysplasic 1.6-10 mg/day WAF ; Anticheilitic DUKE1992B ; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B ; Antiglossitic DAS ; Antikeratitic DUKE1992B ; AntiLyme 50 mg/day KEn ; Antimigraine DUKE1992B ; Antioxidant PIL ; Antipellagric DUKE1992B ; Antiphotophobic DAS ; Cancer-Preventive 525
RUTIN Fruit: DUKE1992A Leaf 20,000 - 60,000 ppm DUKE1992A
5-HT-Inhibitor X12584792 ; Aldehyde-Oxidase-Inhibitor IC27-52=10 uM X16394541 ; Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor 100 uM 4 ug/ml SKN43:99 ; Allelochemic SN149:389 ; Antiaggregant ED50=33 nmol/kg iv; Antiallergic FT73:557 ; Antiapoplectic DUKE1992B ; Antiatherogenic; Antiatherosclerotic JAF51:6452 ; Antibacterial JBH ; Anticancer JAF47:397 ; Anticapillary-Fragility 20-100 mg orl man M7 ; Anticataract DUKE1992B ; Anticlastogen; Anticonvulsant KCH ; AntiCVI 270 mg/man/day; Antidementia BRU ; Antidermatitic BIS ; Antidiabetic CPB38:297 ; Antiedemic 270 mg/day orl man; Antierythemic DUKE1992B ; Antifeedant; Antiglaucomic 60 mg/day WER ; Antihematuric DUKE1992B ; Antihemorrhoidal; Antihepatotoxic TOX ; Antiherpetic EMP5:198 ; Antihistaminic DUKE1992B ; Antihypertensive KCH ; Antiinflammatory 20 mg/kg; Antimalarial IC50=>100 ug/ml JE15:204 ; Antimelanomic X16104801 ; Antimetastatic; Antimutagenic ID50=2-5 nM; Antinephritic DUKE1992B ; Antinociceptive PR14:401 ; Antioxidant IC28=30 ppm IC50=120 uM PC27:972 IC54=10 uM JMF5:1 ; Antiperoxidant IC50=10-20 uM; Antiplatelet FT73:557 ; Antiproliferant 50-75 uM/l; Antiprotozoal FT73:557 ; Antipurpuric DUKE1992B ; Antiradicular 9 x quercetin; Antispasmodic; Antisunburn PM61:510 ; Antithrombogenic EC50=500 nM X3101704 ; Antithyroid IC50=68 uM X12065212 ; Antitrypanosomic 100 mg/kg PM57:A44 ; Antitumor; Antitumor-Promoter; Antiulcer PR14:581 ; Antivaricose; Antiviral; Apoptotic 75 uM/l X12010246 ; cAMP-Phosphodiesterase-Inhibitor PAM ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Capillariprotective M11 ; Catabolic AFR27:173 ; Chemopreventive; Cytoprotective IC50=3 uM X1559614 ; Estrogenic? EMP6:189 ; Hemostat; Hepatomagenic 20,000 ppm (diet) rat PCF ; Hepatoprotective 20 mg/kg rat FT73:557 ; Hypocholesterolemic KCH ; Hypotensive LAF ; Immunomodulator FT73:557 ; Insecticide TOX ; Insectiphile JBH ; Juvabional 382 ; Larvistat IC95=4,000-8,000 ppm diet 438 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor IC75=2.5 mM JAF38:688 ; Mutagenic EMP6:189 ; Myoprotective FT73:557 ; Myorelaxant EMP6:189 ; Oviposition-Stimulant JBH ; PAF-Inhibitor X12584792 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Protisticide FT73:557 ; Radioprotective JAF48:1738 ; Sunscreen PM61:510 ; Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor IC50=1 ug/ml AAC41:992 ; Vasodilator FT73:557 ; Vasopressor DUKE1992B
SARCOSINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
SCOPOLETIN Leaf: DUKE1992A
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC50=6.2 ug/ml cow CPB43:1385 ; Allelochemic IC89=2 mM 438 ; Analgesic PM56(6):595 ; Anesthetic HDN ; Antiadrenergic HDN ; Antiaflatoxin 11.4 ppm X11714299 IC50=65 uM X11714299 ; Antiarrhythmic; Antiasthmatic DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial JBH ; Antibronchoconstrictor; Anticholinergic; Antiedemic DUKE1992B ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antihepatotoxic BIS ; Antiinflammatory ED 1-10 ug/ear PM56(6):504 ; Antileukotrienogenic PM56(6):595 ; Antimutagenic MAB ; Antioxidant PH2 ; Antiproliferant X11749777 ; Antiprostaglandin RWG27 ; Antiseptic FT1990:503 ; Antispasmodic; Antitumor 2.9 ug/ml DUKE1992B ; Apoptotic X11749777 ; Bronchorelaxant KCH ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cholagogue WIC ; Choleretic KCH ; CNS-Depressant KCH ; CNS-Stimulant WBB ; Cytotoxic; Fungicide 2 mM BIOSIS'96 ; Hepatoprotective WIC ; Herbicide JBH ; Hypoglycemic EMP6:165 ; Hypotensive; MAO-Inhibitor X11575966 ; Musculotropic WIC ; Myorelaxant; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Phytoalexin PC29(6):1789 ; Phytohormonal JBH ; Uterosedative 411
SCOPOLIN Leaf: DUKE1992A
Anticholinergic KCH ; Bronchorelaxant KCH ; CNS-Depressant KCH
SILICA(SIO2) Leaf 18,000 - 26,000 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
SITOSTEROL Root Bark: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
SITOSTEROL-ALPHA-GLUCOSIDE Root Bark: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
SITOSTERYL-CAPRATE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
SITOSTERYL-PALMITATE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
SODIUM Fruit 370 - 2,467 ppm DUKE1992A Root Bark 251 - 520 ppm DUKE1992A
Hypertensive DAS
SOLUBLE-SUGARS Leaf 122,000 - 288,000 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
STEARIC-ACID Seed: DUKE1992A
5-Alpha-Reductase-Inhibitor X10830511 ; Cosmetic JBH ; FLavor FEMA 2-4,000 ARC ; Hypocholesterolemic GAS ; Lubricant JBH ; Perfumery ARC ; Propecic X10830511 ; Suppository JBH
STIGMAST-5-EN-3-BETA-OL-7-ONE Tissue Culture: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
SUCCINIC-ACID Leaf: DUKE1992A
Additive FEMA 200-2,000 ARC ; Antifeedant CPB38:2862 ; Bruchiphobe 382 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Dye M11 ; Perfumery M11 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
SULFUR Leaf 3,000 - 5,600 ppm DUKE1992A
Acarifuge DUKE1992B ; Antiacne M29 ; Antiarthritic WER ; Antidandruff M29 ; Antigrey M29 ; Antiosteoarthritic WER ; Antiseborrheic M29 ; Antiseptic M29 ; Comedogenic M29 ; Keratolytic M29 ; Laxative M29 ; Parasiticide M29 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Scabicide M29
TANNIN Stem: DUKE1992A
Anthelmintic JNP59:205 ; Antibacterial JE26:74 ; Anticancer JAF47:397 ; Anticariogenic JNP59:205 ; Antidiarrheic DUKE1992B ; Antidysenteric DUKE1992B ; Antihepatotoxic JNP59:205 ; AntiHIV JNP59:205 ; Antihypertensive JNP59:205 ; Antilipolytic JNP59:205 ; Antimutagenic DUKE1992B ; Antinephritic CPB38:1049 ; Antiophidic EMP5:363 ; Antioxidant 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 IC50=1.44 ug/ml CPB38:1051 ; Antiradicular 1/3 quercetin JAF47:397 500 mg/kg/day orl mus CPB38:1049 ; Antirenitic CPB38:1049 ; Antitumor; Antitumor-Promoter JAF47:397 ; Antiulcer JNP59:205 ; Antiviral; Cancer-Preventive HG22:14 ; Carcinogenic AHP156 ; Chelator JNP59:205 ; Cyclooxygenase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Glucosyl-Transferase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Hepatoprotective DUKE1992B ; Immunosuppressant RWG29 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; MAO-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Ornithine-Decarboxylase-Inhibitor JNP59:205 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Psychotropic CPB38:1049 ; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor JNP59:205
TARTARIC-ACID Leaf: DUKE1992A
Acidifier JBH ; Additive ARC ; Antioxidant Synergist M29 ; FLavor FEMA 500-10,000 ARC ; Irritant ZEB ; Sequestrant ARC
TETRAHYDROXYSTILBENE Wood: DUKE1992A
Fungicide DUKE1992B ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
THIAMIN Fruit 2 ppm; DUKE1992A
Analgesic 1-4 g/day WER ; Antialcoholic 50-100 mg/day; Antialzheimeran 100-3,000 mg/day WER ; Antianorectic JBH ; Antibackache 1-4 g/day WER ; Antiberiberi DUKE1992B ; Anticanker MPP ; Anticardiospasmic DUKE1992B ; Anticataract PIL ; Anticolitic DUKE1992B ; Antidecubitic DUKE1992B ; Antideliriant DUKE1992B ; Antidementia PIL ; Antidyspeptic PIL ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antifatigue JBH ; Antigastritic JBH ; Antihangover 50 mg WAF ; Antiheartburn DUKE1992B ; Antiherpetic DUKE1992B ; AntiLyme; Antimigraine DUKE1992B ; Antimyocarditic DUKE1992B ; Antineuralgic 1-4 g/day WER ; Antineurasthenic DUKE1992B ; Antineuritic DUKE1992B ; Antineuropathic 50 mg WER ; Antipoliomyelitic DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge 75-150 mg/man/day MAR ; Neuroprotective PIL ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
TRANS-5-HYDROXY-L-PIPECOLIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
TRANS-BETA-GAMMA-HEXANOL Plant: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
TRIGONELLINE Leaf: DUKE1992A
Anticancer (Cervix) 411 ; Anticancer (Liver) 411 ; Antihyperglycemic IWU ; Antimigraine PMP25:56 ; Antiseptic IWU ; Antitumor (Cervix); Antitumor (Liver); Epidermal-Stimulant HG50:31 ; Hypocholesterolemic DUKE1992B ; Hypoglycemic 50 mg/kg orl rat CAN 500-3,000 mg/man/day MAR ; Mutagenic MED97 ; Osmoregulator PC44:1037 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Propecic HG50:31
UMBELLIFERONE Root Bark: DUKE1992A
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC50=4.8 ug/ml cow CPB43:1385 ; Allelochemic IC94=2 mM 438 ; Antibacterial JBH ; Antiedemic HDN ; Antihistaminic DUKE1992B ; Antiinflammatory RWG141 ; Antimitotic 5-25 ug/ml PM1987:526 ; Antimutagenic EMP6:235 ; Antiprostaglandin RWG27 ; Antiseptic FT1990:503 ; Antispasmodic; Antistaphylococcic FT63(5):387 ; Cancer-Preventive PM1987:526 ; Candidicide FT63(5):387 ; Choleretic DUKE1992B ; Fungicide 411 ; Lipoxygenase-Inhibitor; Perfumery ARC ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Photoactive FT63(5):387 ; Sunscreen M11 ; Xanthine-Oxidase-Inhibitor MAB
VALERALDEHYDE Leaf: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
VALERIC-ACID Plant: DUKE1992A
Antihysteric MAR ; Antiinsomniac 1.2-2.4 DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic JE26:86 ; FLavor FEMA 1-8 ARC ; Hypotensive DUKE1992B ; Myorelaxant JE26:86 ; Perfumery M11 ; Sedative DUKE1992B ; Tranquilizer DUKE1992B
WATER Fruit 850,000 - 875,000 ppm DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
XANTHOPHYLL Leaf: DUKE1992A
Bruchifuge DUKE1992B ; Insectifuge 382 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B
ZINC Root Bark 9 - 14 ppm DUKE1992A
ACE-Inhibitor NP6:1 ; Analgesic TEI ; Antiacne 135 mg/day; Antiacrodermatitic 8-34 mg/day/orl/chd M29 ; Antialcoholic; Antialopecic DAS ; Antialzheimeran 50 mg/day WER ; Antiangiogenic X16606632 ; Antianorexic M29 ; Antiarthritic 50 mg/3x/day/orl/man; AntiBPH 25-60 mg/day; Anticanker 100 mg/day WER ; Anticataract 30 mg/day WER ; Anticoeliac MAR ; Anticold 50 mg DAS ; Anticolitic DAS ; Anticoronary 30 mg/day SYN-X ; AntiCrohn's DAS ; Antidandruff DAS ; Antidementia PIL ; Antidiabetic SYN-X ; Antidote (Cadmium) LL-MAY89 ; Antidysgeuzic WRI ; Antieczemic 150 mg/day WER ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antiepileptic 100 mg/day WER ; Antifibrotic 30 mg WAF ; Antifuruncular 45 mg/3x/day/man MAR ; Antihangover 15 mg WAF ; Antiherpetic? 25-60 mg/day; AntiHIV PMM ; Antiimpotence M29 ; Antiinfective 50 mg/day WER ; Antiinfertility 60 mg/day WER ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antilepric M29 ; Antileukonychic MTM ; Antilymphomic X16762953 ; Antimaculitic PIL ; Antimetastatic X16606632 ; Antineuropathic TEI ; Antinyctalopic WRI ; Antiobesity 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiosteoporotic; Antiperiodontitic MPP ; Antiplaque M29 ; Antiprolactin PAM ; Antiprostatitic 50 mg/man/day/orl PAM ; Antirheumatic DAS ; Antiseptic 50 mg/day WER ; Antispare-Tire 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antistomatitic 50 mg/man/3x/day MAR ; Antisyndrome-X 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antitinnitic 60-120 mg/day WER ; Antitriglyceride 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiulcer 50 mg/3x/day/man MAR 88 mg/rat/day/15 days PIL ; Antiviral? M29 ; Astringent MAR ; Collagenic PIL ; Copper-Antagonist SYN-X ; Deodorant M29 ; Detoxicant (Alcohol) PIL ; Ergogenic PIL ; Hypotensive 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Immunomodulator PIL ; Immunostimulant DAS ; Immunosuppressant 300 mg/day/6 wks/orl/man M29 ; Insulinogenic 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Leptingenic 30-60 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Mucogenic JPP42:657 ; NF-kB-Inhibitor X16606632 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spermigenic 60 mg/day WER ; Testosteronigenic WER ; Trichomonicide M29 ; Vulnerary MAR
The source of the experience
Dr Dukes plant databaseConcepts, symbols and science items
Concepts
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Activities and commonsteps
Activities
Suppressions
Beta caroteneBiotin
Caffeic acid
Calcium
Chlorogenic acid
Choline
Copper
Fructose
Iron
Linoleic acid
Magnesium
Malic acid
Manganese
Mulberry
Niacin
Phosphorus
Potassium
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Resveratrol
Riboflavin
Rutin
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Tannins
Thiamine
Vitamin A
Vitamin C
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Commonsteps
References
382: Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.
411: Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.
438: Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.
450: Russell, G. B., Phytochemical resources for crop protection, N. Z. J. Technol., 2, 1986, 127-134.
505: Jim Duke's personal files.
525: Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.
AAC41:992: Bernard, F. X., Sable, S., Cameron, B., Provost, J., Desnottes, J. F., Crouzet, J., Blanche, F. 1997. Glycosylated Flavones as Selective Inhibitors of Topoisomerase IV. Antimicrobial Agents & Chemotherapy, 41: 992-998.
ABC50:1317.1986: Jim Duke's personal files
ABEL1999: Jim Duke's personal files
ACM:210: Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 210.
ACS661:230: Jim Duke's personal files
AFR27:165: Jim Duke's personal files
AFR27:173: Jim Duke's personal files
AFR27:180: Jim Duke's personal files
AHP156: Jim Duke's personal files
AJC31:37: Chiang, L. C., Chiang, W., Chang, M. Y., Ng, L. T., Lin, C. C. 2003. Antileukemic activity of selected natural products in Taiwan. Am J Chin Med, 31(1):37-46.
AJC62:1212: Jim Duke's personal files
ARC: Aloe Research Council - Duke writeup of non-peer reviewd book by Coats and draft by Henry Note: Most ARC numerical data were in mg/dl. I know of no other plant where zinc is more prevalent than other minerals and protein. These data should be viewed as suspect.
ARO95:16: Jim Duke's personal files
AYL: Leung, A.Y., Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients Used in Food, Drugs, and Cosmetics, John Wiley & Sons, New York, 1980.
B02: Jim Duke's personal files
BBE: Borchard, R. E., Barnes, C. D., and Eltherton, L. G. 1991. Drug Dosage in Laboratory Animals: A Handbook. (3rd Ed.) The Telford Press, Inc., P. O. Box 287, Caldwell NJ 07006.
BIOSIS'96: Jim Duke's personal files
BIS: Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp. Note: English translation of Wichtl, 1984,1989).
BJP3:10: Jim Duke's personal files
BO2: Jim Duke's personal files
BPCC: Biosyn. Prod. Cancer Chemotherapy (Petit et al)
BRU: Bruneton, J. 1999. Pharmacognosy, Phytochemistry, Medicinal Plants. 2nd Ed. Lavoisier Publishing, Paris. 1119 pp.
BVC:162: Buchbauer et al, e.g.Buchbauer et al,1993.Therapeutic properties of essential oils and fragrances. Chap.12 in Teranishi,R, Buttery,R.G and Sugisawa,H. Eds. Bioactive Volatile Compounds from Plants. ACS Symposium Series 525. Amer. Chem. Soc., Washington DC
CAN: Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.
CAN210: Jim Duke's personal files
CCO: Chemical Constituents of Oriental Herbs (3 diff. books)
CLE120:213: Uda, Y., Price, K. R., Williamson, G., Rhodes, M. J. C. 1997. Induction of the Anticarcinogenic Marker Enzyme, Quinone Reductase, in Murine Hepatoma Cells In Vitro by Flavonoids. Cancer Lett., 120 (2): 213-216.
CMR3/4/91:16: Jim Duke's personal files
COX: Jim Duke's personal files
COX:50: Jim Duke's personal files
CPB38:1049: Uchida, U., Ohta, H., Niwa, M., Mori, A., Nonaka, G-i., Nishioka, I., and Zaki, M. 1989. Prolongation of Life Span of Stroke-Prone Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats (SHRSP) Ingesting Persimmon Tannin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(4): 1049-1052, 1990.
CPB38:1051: Jim Duke's personal files
CPB38:1772: Chem. & Pharm. Bull. 38: 1772.
CPB38:2733: Terashima, S., Shimizu, M., Nakayama, H., Ishikura, M., et al. 1990. Studies on Aldose Reductase Inhibitors from Medicinal Plant of "Sinfito," Potentilla candicans, and Further Synthesis of Their Related Compounds. Chem. Pharm. Bull 38(10):2733-2736, 1990
CPB38:2862: Jim Duke's personal files
CPB38:297: Jin, G-Z., Yamagata, Y., and Tomita, K.-i. 1989. Structure of Rutin Pentamethanol. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(2): 297-300, 1990.
CPB38:3086: Seki, T., Toeda, C., Kawaguchi, T., Juni, K., Sugibayashi, K., and Morimoto, Y. 1990. Enhanced Transdermal Delivery of Zidovudine in Rats and Human Skin. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(11): 3086-3089, 1990.
CPB38:774: Yasukawa, K., Takido, M., Takeuchi, M., Sato, Y., Nitta, K., and Nakagawa, S. 1989. Inhibitory Effects of Flavonol Glycosides on 12-O-Tetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate-Induced Tumor Promotion. Chem. Pharm. Bull. 38(3): 774-776, 1990.
CPB43:1385: Okada,Y,et al.1995.Search for Naturally Occurring Substances to Prevent the Complications of Diabetes.II.Inhibitory Effect of Coumarin and Flavonoid Derivatives on Bovine Lens Aldose Reductase and Rabbit Platelet Aggregation.Chem Pharm Bull43(8):1385-1387
CPB47:340: Yoshikawa, M., et al. 1999. Medicinal Flowers. I. Aldose Reductase Inhibitors and Three New Eudesmane-Type Sesquiterpenes, Kikkanols A, B, and C, From the Flowers of Chrysanthemum inducum L. Chem Pharm Bull, 47(3): 340-345.
CPT59:62: Jim Duke's personal files
CR48:5941: Cancer Research, 48: 5941.
CRC: CRC Handbook of Medicinal Herbs and/or CRC Handbook of Proximate Analyses
CWW: Wright,C.W.(Ed)2002.Medicinal&Aromatic Plants-Industrial Profiles.Artemisia.344pp.Maffei,M.(Ed)2002.Vetiveria.The Genus Vetiveria.Taylor&Francis.NY,NY.191pp.Southwell,I.,Lowe,R.(Eds)1999.Tea Tree.The Genus Melaleuca.Harwood Acad.Pub.Amsterdam,Netherlands.
DAS: Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
DFN:154: Jim Duke's personal files
DFN:159: Jim Duke's personal files
DFN:160: Jim Duke's personal files
DUKE1992A: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
EB48:111: Tunon, H., Thorsell, W., and Bohlin, L. 1993. Mosquito Repelling Activity of Compounds Occurring in Achillea millefolium L. (Asteraceae). Economic Botany 48(2): 111-120, 1994.
EJP459:255: Jim Duke's personal files
EMP1:124: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 124.
EMP1:53: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 1: 53.
EMP5:194: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 194.
EMP5:198: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 198.
EMP5:199: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 199.
EMP5:207: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 207.
EMP5:225: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 225.
EMP5:333: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 333.
EMP5:363: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 363.
EMP6:158: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 158.
EMP6:165: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 165
EMP6:170: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 170.
EMP6:189: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 189.
EMP6:235: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 235.
EXP33:1626: Kandasamy, S. B. 1977. Central Effect of 5,8,11,14-eicosatetraenoic Acid (Arachidonic Acid) on the Temperature in the Conscious Rabbit. Experientia, 33: 1626.
FAC: Facciola, S. 1998. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, Vista CA. 713 pp.
FHN: Forest H. Nielsen, USDA, Grand Forks, various publications.
FNF: Father Nature's Farmacy: The aggregate of all these three-letter citations.
FRBM26:193: Alanko, J., et al. 1999. Modulation of Arachidonic Acid Metabolism by Phenols: Relation to their Structure and Antioxidant/Proooxidant Properties. Free Radical Biol Med, 26(1/2): 193-201.
FT1990:483: Singla*, A.K. Pathak, K. 1989. Phytoconstituents of Euphorbia species. Fitoterapia 61(6): 483-508, 1990.
FT1990:503: Jim Duke's personal files
FT1990:508: Jim Duke's personal files
FT1990:509: Jim Duke's personal files
FT5:1990: Fitoterapia No.5-1990.
FT63(1):3: Jim Duke's personal files
FT63(3):197: Jim Duke's personal files
FT63(5):387: Jim Duke's personal files
FT64:134: Lazarova*, G., Kostova, I., Neychev, H. 1992. Photodynamic damage prevention by some hydroxycoumarins. Fitoterapia 64(2): 134-136, 1993.
FT65(2):101: Jim Duke's personal files
FT67:121: Jim Duke's personal files
FT67:200: Jim Duke's personal files
FT67:279: Jim Duke's personal files
FT67:548: Jim Duke's personal files
FT68(4):291: Jim Duke's personal files
FT71:S131: Jim Duke's personal files
FT73:557: Jim Duke's personal files
GAS: Spiller, G. A. 1996 (Spiller, G. A. Ed. 1996. CRC Handbook of Lipids in Human Nutrition. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 233 pp.)
GAZ: Jim Duke's personal files
GPH27:629: Chen, S. J., Wang, M. H., Chen, I. J. 1996. Antiplatelet and Calcium Inhibitory Properties of Eugenol and Sodium Eugenol Acetate. Gen Pharmacol, 27(4): 629-633.
HDN: Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp.
HG20:9: HerbalGram No. 20, page 9.
HG22:14: HerbalGram No. 22 - Spring 1990, page 14.
HG22:27: Jim Duke's personal files
HG40:12: Jim Duke's personal files
HG40:24: Jim Duke's personal files
HG50:31: Jim Duke's personal files
HH2: Hansel, R., Keller, K., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1992. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A-D), 1209 pp., 1993 (E-O), 970 pp., 1994 (P-Z), 1196 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
HHB: List, P.H. and Horhammer, L., Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Vols. 2-6, Springer-Verlag, Berlin, 1969-1979.
HHM7:7: Jim Duke's personal files
HSC25:1485: Cerda, J.J. Pectin in Health and Disease. HortScience, 25(12): 1485, 1990.
HSC25:1495: Simon, P.W. Carrots and Other Horticultural Crops as a Source of Provitamin A Carotenes. HortScience, 25(12): 1495, 1990.
HYL: Jim Duke's personal files
IJO13:168: Jim Duke's personal files
IWU: Iwu, M.M. 1993. Handbook of African Medicinal Plants. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 435 pp.
J14432: Jim Duke's personal files
JAC45:3362: Jim Duke's personal files
JAD: Duke, J. A. Writeups or information summaries on approximately 2,000 economic plants, USDA, ARS, Beltsville, MD 20705.
JAF38:688: Oszmianski, J. and Lee, C.Y. 1990. Inhibitory Effect of Phenolics on Carotene Bleaching in Vegetables. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 688-690.
JAF38:805: Friedman, M. and Dao, L. 1990. Effect of Autoclaving and Conventional and Microwave Baking on the Ergot Alkaloid and Chlorogenic Acid Contents of Morning Glory (Ipomoea tricolor Cav. cv.) Heavenly Blue Seeds. J. Agric. Food Chem. 38: 805-808.
JAF44:2057: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF44:2096: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF44:2124: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF44:2802: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF45:1523: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF45:4505: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF46:1268: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF47:397: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF47:4574: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF48:1234: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF48:1738: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF48:235: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF48:253: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF48:2681: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF48:5666: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF49:3653: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:1389: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:1400: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:166: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:2231: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:2993: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:3150: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:3718: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:7022: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:850: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF50:889: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF51:6452: Jim Duke's personal files
JAF53:3882: Jim Duke's personal files
JAFC34:409: Jim Duke's personal files
JAFC37:1365: Jim Duke's personal files
JAFC45:632: Jim Duke's personal files
JAFC48:220: Jim Duke's personal files
JAR12:99: Jim Duke's personal files
JAR4:22: J. Aromatherapy 4: 22.
JBC8:211: Oliveira, T. T., Nagem, T. J., Miranda, L. C. G., Paula, V. F., Teixeira, M. A. 1997. Inhibitory Action on Aldose Reductase by Soybean Flavonoids. J Braz Chem Soc, 8(3): 211-213.
JBH: Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
JCE20:2847: Hardie, J., Isaacs, R., Pickett,* J.A., Wadhams, L.J., and Woodcock, C.M. 1994. Methyl Salicylate and (-)-(1R,5S)-Myrtenal are Plant-Derived Repellents for Black Bean Aphid, Aphis Fabae Scop. (Homoptera: Aphididae). J. of Chemical Ecology, 20(11):2847.
JCE26:315: Jim Duke's personal files
JE15:204: Khalid, S.A., Farouk, A., Geary**, T.G., and Jensen, J.B. 1985. Potential Antimalarial Candidates From African Plants: An In Vitro Approach Using Plasmodium falciparum*. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 15: 201-209, 1986.
JE26:72: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:73: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:74: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:76: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:79: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:80: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:81: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:82: Jim Duke's personal files
JE26:86: Jim Duke's personal files
JE27:243: Ivorra, M.D., Paya, M., and Villar, A. 1989. A Review of Natural Products and Plants as Potential Antidiabetic Drugs. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 27: 243-275, 1989.
JE28:221: Malini, T. and Vanithakumari, G. 1989. Rat Toxicity Studies With B-Sitosterol. Journal of Ethnopharmacology, 28: 221-234, 1990.
JE32:175: Jim Duke's personal files
JE45:131: Jim Duke's personal files
JIM127:546: Jim Duke's personal files.
JLR1(2): Jim Duke's personal files
JMF2:227: Journal of Medicinal Food 2: 227.1999.
JMF2:235: Journal of Medicinal Food 2: 235.1999.
JMF5:1: Jim Duke's personal files
JMF6:365: Jim Duke's personal files
JMF6:391: Jim Duke's personal files
JN126:1076S: Jim Duke's personal files
JN127:710: Jim Duke's personal files
JN127:893S: Jim Duke's personal files
JN133:1302: Jim Duke's personal files
JNM1:10: Jim Duke's personal files.
JNM7:51: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP49:5750: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP53(5):1239: Nakane, H., Fukushima, M., and Ono*, K. Differential Inhibition Of Reverse Transcriptase And Various DNA Polymerases By Digallic Acid And Its Derivatives. Journal of Natural Products, 53(5): 1234-1240, 1990.
JNP54:142: Garcia, J., Morin,* C., Nyasse, B., Sondengam, B-L., Tchouankeu, J-C., and Tsamo, E. Complete Structural Assignments Of An Ergosterol Derivative From Entandrophragma utile. Journal of Natural Products, 54(1): 136-142, 1991.
JNP55:1732: Amoros, M., Simoes, C.M.O., Girre, L., et al. Synergistic Effect Of Flavones And Flavonols Against Herpes Simplex Virus Type 1 In Cell Culture. Comparison With The Antiviral Activity Of Propolis. J. of Natural Products 55(12):1732-1740, 1992.
JNP55:999: Zheng, G-Q., Kenney, P.M., and Lam, L.K.T. Sesquiterpenes From Clove (Eugenia caryophyllata) As Potential Anticarcinogenic Agents. Journal of Natural Products 55(7): 999-1003, 1992.
JNP58:217: Constantinou, A., Mehta, R., Runyan, C., Rao, K., Vaughan, A., Moon, R. 1995. Flavonoids as DNA Topoisomerase Antagonists and Poisons: Structure-Activity Relationships. J Natural Products, 58: 217-225.
JNP59:205: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP59:658: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP59:987: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP60(9):884: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP61:1090: Kashiwada, Y., et. al. 1998. Anti-AIDS Agents. 30. Anti-HIV Activity of Oleanolic Acid, Pomolic Acid, and Structurally Related Triterpenoids. J. Nat. Prod., 61 (9): 1090-1095.
JNP61:362: Sun, N. J., Woo, S. H., Cassady, J. M., Snapka, R. M. 1998. DNA Polymerase and Topoisomerase II Inhibitors From Psoralea corylifolia. J Natural Products, 61: 362-366.
JNP64:1545: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP65:1457: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP65:1517: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP65:645: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP66:263: Jim Duke's personal files
JNP67:344: Jim Duke's personal files
JNU: Joseph, J., Nadeau, D. and Underwood, A. 2001. The Color Code. Hyperion, NY.
JPP42:205: O'Connell, M.J., Webster, N.R. 1989. Hyperoxia and salicylate metabolism in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 205-206, 1990.
JPP42:657: Li, K.M. Effect of zinc sulphate on acetic acid-induced gastric ulceration in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 657-659, 1990.
JPP46:16: Yamamoto, A., Umemori, S., and Muranishi, S. 1993. Absorption Enhancement of Intrapulmonary Administered Insulin by Various Absorption Enhancers and Protease Inhibitors in Rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 46: 14-18, 1994.
JSPR22:141: J. Stored. Prod. Res., 22:141, 1986.
K16299: Jim Duke's personal files
K25469: Jim Duke's personal files
KCH: Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.
KEN: Jim Duke's personal files
KEn: Jim Duke's personal files
LAB54: Jim Duke's personal files
LAB58: Jim Duke's personal files
LAF: Leung, A. Y. and Foster, S. 1995. Encyclopedia of Common Natural Ingredients 2nd Ed. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 649 pp.
LAF337: Jim Duke's personal files
LL-MAY89: Let's Live, May 1989.
LRN-DEC90: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-90.
LRN-DEC93: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Dec-93.
LRN-JUL87: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Jul-87.
LRN-JUN89: Jim Duke's personal files
LRN-SEP91: Lawrence Review of Natural Products, Sep-91.
LRNP:JUL'96: Jim Duke's personal files
LS55:1061: Life Sciences 55: 1061.
M&R317: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R367: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R488: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R489: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R495: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R499: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R503: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R594: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R610: Jim Duke's personal files
M&R722: Jim Duke's personal files
M11: Merck 11th Edition
M29: Martindale's 29th
M30: Martindale's 30th
M7: Merck 7th Ed.
MAB: Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.
MAR: Martindale's 28th
MED: Medline (post 1990 searches filed in my computer)
MED97: Jim Duke's personal files
MES: Jim Duke's personal files
MPI: =ICMR(Indian Council of Medical Research).1976.Medicinal Plants of India.Vol.1.Indian Council of Med. Res.Cambridge Printing Works, New Delhi.487 pp;ICMR.1987.Medicinal Plants of India.Vol.2.Indian Council of Med. Res.Cambr. Printing Works,New Delhi.600pp Note: (2 vols so far).
MPP: Jim Duke's personal files
MPT: Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of the Tropics. Leeuwenberg, A.J.M., ed. Pudoc, Wageningen. 1987.
MTM: Jim Duke's personal files
NIG: Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.
NM48:213: Jim Duke's personal files
NP6:1: Jim Duke's personal files
NR54:S71: Jim Duke's personal files
NYT3/28/95: New York Times, 3/28/95.
NYT8:14'91: Jim Duke's personal files
OHAI13:165: Jim Duke's personal files
PAL:335: Jim Duke's personal files
PAL:339: Jim Duke's personal files
PAM: Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
PAT0368,517: Yamaguchi, T., Sato, J., Mihashi, H., Nomura, T. 1991. Aldose Reductase Inhibitors Containing Benzopyrans for Treatment of Diseases Associated with Diabetes. Patent, Japan Kokai Tokkyo Koho-03 68,517. 9pp.
PC23:1885: Shimizu, M., Ito, T., Terashima, S., Hayashi, T., Arisawa, M., Morita, N., Kurokawa, S., Ito, K., and Hashimoto, Y. 1984. Inhibition of Lens Aldose Reductase by Flavonoids. Phytochemistry, 23: 1885-1888.
PC27:971: Jim Duke's personal files
PC27:972: Jim Duke's personal files
PC27:973: Jim Duke's personal files
PC29(5):1501: Jim Duke's personal files
PC29(5):1667: Jung, J.H., Pummangura, S., Chaichantipyuth, c., Patarapanich, C., and McLaughlin, J.L. 1989. Bioactive Constituents of Melodorum fruticosum. Phytochemistry. 29(5): 1667-1670. 1990.
PC29(6):1789: Jim Duke's personal files
PC32:1083: Jim Duke's personal files
PC36:579: Ohnishi, M., Morishita, H., Iwahashi, H., Toda, S., Shirataki, Y., Kimura, M., and Kido, R. 1993. Inhibitory Effects of Chlorogenic Acids on Linoleic Acid Peroxidation and Haemolysis. Phytochemistry. 36(3): 579-583. 1994.
PC44:1037: Jim Duke's personal files
PC48:495: Dunstan, C. A., Liu, B., Welch, C. J., Perera, P., Bohlin, L. 1998. Alphitol, a Phenolic Substance from Alphitonia zizyphoides which Inhibits Prostaglandin Biosynthesis in vitro. Phytochemistry, 48(3): 495-497.
PCF: Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health. Antioxidants & Cancer Prevention. Huang, M.T., Ho, C.T. and Lee, C.Y. eds. 1992. ACS Symposium Series 507.ACS, Washington 402 pp.
PCF-I:200: Jim Duke's personal files
PCF:13: Maga, J.A. Contribution of Phenolic Compounds to Smoke Flavor. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.13.
PCF:14: Naim, M., Zehavi, U., Nagy, S., and Rouseff, R.L. Hydroxycinnamic Acids as Off-Flavor Precursors in Citrus Fruits and Their Products. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.14.
PCF:18: Ki Soon Rhee. Oilseed Food Ingredients Used To Minimize Oxidative Flavor Deterioration in Meat Products. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.18.
PCF:19: Hagerman, A.E. Tannin-Protein Interactions. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.19.
PCF:21: Huang, M-T., and Ferraro, T. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Cancer Prevention. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.2 p.21.
PCF:219: Jim Duke's personal files
PCF:221: Jim Duke's personal files
PCF:245: Jim Duke's personal files
PCF:25: McEvily, A.J., Iyengar, R., and Gross, A.T. Inhibition of Polyphenol Oxidase by Phenolic Compounds. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.25.
PCF:44: Jim Duke's personal files
PCF:49: Jim Duke's personal files
PCF:51: Jim Duke's personal files
PCF:54: Pratt, D.E. Natural Antioxidants from Plant Material. Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, Ch.5.
PCF:69: Phenolic Compounds in Food and Their Effects on Health, 69.
PH2: Jim Duke's personal files
PHB36:28: Jang, M. S., Pezzuto, J. M. 1998. Resveratrol Blocks Eicosanoid Production and Chemically-Induced Cellular Transformation: Implication for Cancer Chemoprevention. Pharm Biol Suppl, 36: 28-34.
PHB36:35: Subbaramaiah, K., Michaluart, P., Chung, W. J., Dannenberg, A. J. 1998. Resveratrol Inhibits the Expression of Cyclooxygenase-2 in Human Mammary and Oral Epithelial Cells. Pharm. Biol. Suppl., 36: 35-43.
PHM7:7: Jim Duke's personal files
PHM9:52: Jim Duke's personal files
PIL: Jim Duke's personal files
PIZ: Pizzorno, J. 1998. Total Wellness. Prima Health, a division of Prima.
PJB1(1):169: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(1):171: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(2):264: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(2):269: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(2):279: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(2):287: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(3):242: Jim Duke's personal files
PM186:1986: Jim Duke's personal files
PM1987:526: Gawron, A. and Glowniak, K. 1987. Cytostatic Activity of Coumarins in vitro. Planta Medica 1987: 526.
PM239:1986: Jim Duke's personal files
PM56(2):171: Joyeux, M., Rolland, A., Fleurentin, J., Mortier, F., and Dorfman, P. 1989. Tert-Butyl Hydroperoxide-Induced Injury in Isolated Rat Hepatocytes: A Model for Studying Anti-Hepatotoxic Crude Drugs. Planta Medica 56(2): 171-173, 1990.
PM56(2):173: Jim Duke's personal files
PM56(2):190: Jim Duke's personal files
PM56(3):257: Jim Duke's personal files
PM56(3):258: Jim Duke's personal files
PM56(6):504: Jim Duke's personal files
PM56(6):595: Jim Duke's personal files
PM56(6):660: Planta Medica, 56(6): 660, 1990.
PM56(6):666: Jim Duke's personal files
PM56(6):677: Matsukawa, Y., et al. The Effect of Quercetin and Other Flavonoids on Cell Cycle Progresssion and Growth of Human Gastric Cancer Cells. Planta Medica, 56(6): 677, 1990.
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PM56(6):695: Planta Medica, 56(6): 695, 1990.
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PM57:A110: Planta Medica, 57: A110, 1991.
PM57:A113: Planta Medica, 57: A113, 1991.
PM57:A44: Planta Medica, 57: A44, 1991.
PM57:A54: Planta Medica, 57: A54, 1991.
PM60:516: Jim Duke's personal files
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PM65:395: Jim Duke's personal files
PM69:1125: Jim Duke's personal files
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PMM: Jim Duke's personal files
PMP22:233: Jim Duke's personal files
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PR4:73: Phytotherapy Research, 4: 73.
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RWG141: Jim Duke's personal files
RWG17: Jim Duke's personal files
RWG27: Jim Duke's personal files
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ppm = parts per million
tr = trace
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