Observations placeholder
Statins and zinc and iron imbalance
Identifier
006872
Type of Spiritual Experience
None
Background
Statins and changing [probably low] glucose levels cause iron overload, iron overload causes zinc deficiency. Zinc deficiency causes ..... see the entry, but the principle result is cell death as stated here, in effect a host of illnesses related to the death of cells and the fact they are not replaced.
Statins are known to cause muscle damage, they may also be causing other damage if this observation is a guide.
A description of the experience
Toxicol Sci. 2008 Jan;101(1):112-21. Epub 2007 Oct 10. Simvastatin-induced heme oxygenase-1 increases apoptosis of Neuro 2A cells in response to glucose deprivation. Hsieh CH, Rau CS, Hsieh MW, Chen YC, Jeng SF, Lu TH, Chen SS. Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital-Koahsiung Medical Center, Chang Gung Unversity College of Medicine, Taiwan. m93chinghua@gmail.com
Heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) has been suggested as an important mediator of the cholesterol-independent cytoprotection actions of statins, which may be of benefit for the treatment of degenerative neurological diseases and for reduction of infarct volume after cerebral ischemia.
Overexpression of HO-1, however, has dual effects under oxidative stress, and the release of ferric iron from heme under these conditions may result in detrimental rather than cytoprotective effects.
This study was designed to investigate the effect of simvastatin-induced HO-1 on Neuro 2A cells in response to glucose deprivation. We demonstrated that simvastatin induced a dose- and time-dependent upregulation of HO-1 protein expression in Neuro 2A cells.
The induction of HO-1 after simvastatin treatment was mediated by nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2), which was expressed by Western blots of nuclear fractions and retarded complex formation in the electrophoretic mobility shift assay reaction. In addition, simvastatin activated the extracellular signal-regulated kinase and p38, but not the phosphorylation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase and Akt.
Glucose deprivation in the cells pretreated with simvastatin induced more HO-1 expression, and the transcript could be decreased by small interfering RNA for Nrf2.
This upregulation of HO-1 was significantly associated with increased apoptosis, manifested as expression at the protein level of 17-kDa cleaved caspase-3 and increased percentage of apoptotic cells shown by flow cytometry. The increased cleaved caspase-3 expression and percentage of apoptotic cells was significantly reduced by the HO inhibitor zinc protoporphyrin.
Addition of the iron chelator desferrioxamine also resulted in blockade of the aggravated apoptosis, which implies that iron production from HO-1 activity may play an important role in the increased apoptosis in response to glucose deprivation in neuronal cells pretreated with simvastatin.
PMID: 17928392
The source of the experience
PubMedConcepts, symbols and science items
Concepts
Symbols
Science Items
Activities and commonsteps
Activities
Overloads
Copper imbalanceIron imbalance
Mineral imbalance
Statins
Zinc imbalance