Observations placeholder
Dr Duke's list of Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Glehnia littoralis F. SCHMIDT & MIQUEL (Apiaceae) -- Bei Sha Shen
Identifier
019003
Type of Spiritual Experience
Background
A description of the experience
Chemicals and their Biological Activities in: Glehnia littoralis F. SCHMIDT & MIQUEL (Apiaceae) -- Bei Sha Shen
Chemicals
7-O-(3,3-DIMETHYLALLYL)-SCOPOLETIN Rhizome: DUKE1992A Root: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
8-(1,1-DIMETHYLALLYL)-5-HYDROXYPSORALEN Rhizome: DUKE1992A Root: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
8-GERANYLOXYPSORALEN Rhizome: DUKE1992A Root: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
ALLOISOIMPERATORIN Rhizome: DUKE1992A Root: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
BERGAPTEN Rhizome: DUKE1992A Root: DUKE1992A
Antiaggregant PC41:525 ; Antiapertif DUKE1992B ; Anticonvulsant DUKE1992B ; Antihistaminic 25 mg/kg ipr mus JNP60:249 ; Antiinflammatory DUKE1992B ; Antijet-lag NIG ; Antileukodermic JBH ; Antimitotic 5-25 ug/ml PM1987:526 ; Antiplatelet PC41:525 ; Antipsoriac DUKE1992B ; Antispasmodic; Antitumor DUKE1992B ; Calcium-Antagonist PCA3:42 ; Cancer-Preventive PM1987:526 ; Carcinogenic CAN ; Clastogenic JBH ; CNS-Depressant HDN ; DME-Inhibitor IC50=96 uM ACM:134 ; Hypotensive DUKE1992B ; Insecticide FT:1984 ; Lipolytic PJB1(2):262 ; Molluscicide FT:1984 ; Mutagenic JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Phototoxic PAP5:159 ; Piscicide JBH
BERGAPTIN Rhizome: DUKE1992A Root: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
CALCIUM Root 1,930 ppm; DUKE1992A
Antiallergic 500 mg/day; Antianxiety DAS ; Antiarrhythmic 500-1,500 mg RAF ; Antiarthritic 1,000 mg/day WAF ; Antiatherosclerotic 500 mg/day WER ; Anticlimacteric 1,000-1,500 mg/day WAF ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidote (Aluminum) DAS ; Antidote (Lead) DAS ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antihypertensive; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antimenopausal; Antiobesity PIL ; Antiosteoporotic 500-2,000 mg/day; Antiperiodontitic 750 mg/day WER ; AntiPMS 1 g/day; Antirheumatic 1,000 mg/day WAF ; Antistress 500-1,500 mg/day WAF ; Antitic DAS ; Anxiolytic; Calcium-Channel-Blocker NP6:1 ; Diuretic NP6:1 ; Hypocholesterolemic 500 mg/day WER ; Hypotensive 1 g/day WER ; Laxative 1,000-1,200 mg WAF ; Tranquilizer 500-1,500 mg/day WAF ; Vasodilator NP6:1
CNIDILIN Rhizome: DUKE1992A Root: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
COPPER Root 15 ppm; DUKE1992A
Antianemic HYL ; Antiarthritic; Antidiabetic 2-4 mg/day WER ; Antifatigue HYL ; Antiinflammatory WER ; Antinociceptive WER ; Antiosteoporotic MPP ; Cardioprotective HYL ; Contraceptive MAR ; Hypocholesterolemic DAS ; Immunomodulator; Schizophrenigenic DAS
IMPERATORIN Rhizome: DUKE1992A Root: DUKE1992A
Antiaflatoxin 0.7 ppm X11714299 IC50=2.66 uM X11714299 ; Antiaggregant PC41:525 ; Antialopecic MAR ; Anticonvulsant DUKE1992B ; Antiinflammatory DUKE1992B ; Antileukodermic DUKE1992B ; Antimitotic 5-25 ug/ml PM1987:526 ; Antimutagenic PR4:216 ; Antiplatelet PC41:525 ; Antitumor-Promoter IC86=50 ug/ml; Antivitiligic DUKE1992B ; Bufocide JBH ; Calcium-Antagonist 31.6 ug/ml gpg K27424 IC50=4 ug/ml PCA3:42 ; Cancer-Preventive 5-25 ug/ml PM1987:526 ; Cytochrome-P450-Inhibitor 2 nM MED97 ; DME-Inhibitor IC50=116 uM ACM:134 ; Hepatoprotective 0.7 ppm X11714299 IC50=2.66 uM X11714299 ; Hepatotoxic DUKE1992B ; Lipolytic PJB1(2):275 ; Molluscicide DUKE1992B ; Piscicide JBH ; Sedative JEO2:185
IRON Root 820 ppm; DUKE1992A
Antiakathisic M29 ; Antianemic M29 ; Anticanker; Anticheilitic DAS ; Antimenorrhagic 100 mg/day/wmn/orl PAM ; Prooxidant PIL
MAGNESIUM Root 1,650 ppm; DUKE1992A
Antiaggregant 400 mg/day; Antialcoholic PIL ; Antianginal WER ; Antianorectic DAS ; Antianxiety WER ; Antiarrhythmic; Antiarthritic DAS ; Antiasthmatic PAM ; Antiatherosclerotic; Anticephalagic PIL ; AntiCFS PIL ; Anticlimacteric 500-750 mg/day; Anticonvulsant FAC ; Anticoronary 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antidiabetic 400-800 mg/man/day; Antidysmenorrheic 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Antiendometriotic 500 mg/day WAF ; Antienterotic KEN ; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day; Antifatigue KEN ; Antifibromyalgic 200-300 mg 3x/day; Antigastrotic KEN ; Antiglaucomic ABEL1999 ; Antihyperkinetic DAS ; Antihypertensive NP6:1 ; Antihypoglycemic DAS ; Antiinflammatory 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antilithic PAM ; AntiLyme 400-1,000 mg; Antimastalgic PAM ; Antimenopausal 500-750 mg/day; Antimigraine 200 mg/day/man WER ; Antimitral-valve-prolapse PIL ; AntiMS; Antinephrolytic; Antineurotic DAS ; Antiosteoporotic 500-1,000 mg/day/wmn/orl; Antiplaque 500-1,000 mg/day WAF ; AntiPMS 400-800 mg/day/wmn orl 400-800 mg/day/wmn/orl; AntiRaynaud's 280-350 mg/day WAF ; Antiretinopathic 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antispasmodic PIL ; Antispasmophilic 500 mg/day WER ; Antistress 500-750 mg/day WAF ; Antistroke 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Antisyndrome-X 400 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Anxiolytic 500-750 mg/day; Calcium-Antagonist; Cardioprotective PIL ; CNS-Depressant FAC ; Diuretic NP6:1 ; Hypocholesterolemic 400 mg/day WER ; Hypotensive 260-500 mg/day; Immunomodulator KEN ; Insulinogenic 400 mg/day SYN-X ; Laxative 300-500 mg/day; Litholytic PIL ; Myorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Neurotransmitter; Tranquilizer 500-750 mg/day WAF ; Uterorelaxant 100 mg 4 x/day WER ; Vasodilator
MANGANESE Root 70 ppm; DUKE1992A
Antialcoholic FHN ; Antianemic MAR ; Antiarthritic PIL ; Antidiabetic 10-30 mg/man/day 3-5 mg/day WER ; Antidiscotic DAS ; Antidyskinetic MAR ; Antiepileptic 450 mg/day WER ; Antiosteoporotic; Antiototic DAS ; Antioxidant PIL ; AntiPMS PIL ; Antisyndrome-X 10-30 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Hypoglycemic
MARMESIN Rhizome: DUKE1992A Root: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
OSTHENOL-7-O-BETA-GENTIOBIOSIDE Rhizome: DUKE1992A Root: DUKE1992A
No activity reported.
PHELLOPTERIN Rhizome: DUKE1992A Root: DUKE1992A
Calcium-Antagonist PCA3:42 ; Lipolytic PJB1(2):2801
POTASSIUM Root 13,900 ppm; DUKE1992A
Angiotensin-Receptor-Blocker NP6:1 ; Antiarrhythmic DAS ; Antidepressant DAS ; Antifatigue DAS ; Antihypertensive; Antispasmodic DAS ; Antistroke; Anxiolytic WAF ; Beta-Blocker NP6:1 ; Cardioprotective 3,000-5,000 mg PIL ; Cardiotoxic 18,000 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Diuretic NP6:1 ; Hypotensive; Vasodilator NP6:1
PSORALEN Rhizome: DUKE1992A Root: DUKE1992A
Antidepressant IC50=15-62 uM X11169165 ; Antileukodermic M11 ; Antimitotic IJP33:7 ; Antimutagenic PR4:216 ; Antipsoriac M11 ; Antispasmodic HH2 ; Antitubercular JBH ; Antitumor DUKE1992B ; Antitumor-Promoter IC13=50 ug/ml CPB38:1086 ; Antiviral EMP5:199 ; Artemicide LC50=5.93 ug/ml PR4:216 ; Bacteriophagicide 50 ; Calcium-Antagonist PCA3:42 ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Contraceptive FT54.1984 ; Cytotoxic ED50=2-30 ug/ml PR4(6):216 ; Cytotoxic (Breast) ED50=2.21 ug/ml PR4:216 ; Cytotoxic (Colon) ED50=26.84 ug/ml PR4:216 ; Cytotoxic (Lung) ED50=30.38 ug/ml PR4:216 ; Fungicide M11 ; Genotoxic M11 ; Hypotensive DUKE1992B ; Insecticide GMJ ; MAO-A-Inhibitor IC50=15 uM X11169165 ; MAO-B-Inhibitor IC50=62 uM X11169165 ; Mutagenic JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Photocarcinogenic DUKE1992B ; Phototoxic DUKE1992B ; Phytoalexin M11 ; Topoisomerase-II-Inhibitor ID50=10 mM TCY4:6
SCOPOLETIN Rhizome: DUKE1992A Root: DUKE1992A
Aldose-Reductase-Inhibitor IC50=6.2 ug/ml cow CPB43:1385 ; Allelochemic IC89=2 mM 438 ; Analgesic PM56(6):595 ; Anesthetic HDN ; Antiadrenergic HDN ; Antiaflatoxin 11.4 ppm X11714299 IC50=65 uM X11714299 ; Antiarrhythmic; Antiasthmatic DUKE1992B ; Antibacterial JBH ; Antibronchoconstrictor; Anticholinergic; Antiedemic DUKE1992B ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antihepatotoxic BIS ; Antiinflammatory ED 1-10 ug/ear PM56(6):504 ; Antileukotrienogenic PM56(6):595 ; Antimutagenic MAB ; Antioxidant PH2 ; Antiproliferant X11749777 ; Antiprostaglandin RWG27 ; Antiseptic FT1990:503 ; Antispasmodic; Antitumor 2.9 ug/ml DUKE1992B ; Apoptotic X11749777 ; Bronchorelaxant KCH ; Cancer-Preventive 525 ; Cholagogue WIC ; Choleretic KCH ; CNS-Depressant KCH ; CNS-Stimulant WBB ; Cytotoxic; Fungicide 2 mM BIOSIS'96 ; Hepatoprotective WIC ; Herbicide JBH ; Hypoglycemic EMP6:165 ; Hypotensive; MAO-Inhibitor X11575966 ; Musculotropic WIC ; Myorelaxant; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Phytoalexin PC29(6):1789 ; Phytohormonal JBH ; Uterosedative 411
SODIUM Root 425 ppm; DUKE1992A
Hypertensive DAS
XANTHOTOXIN Rhizome: DUKE1992A Root: DUKE1992A
Antiaflatoxin 0.54 ppm X11714299 IC50=2.5 uM X11714299 ; Antibacterial JBH ; Antidermatitic M29 ; Antifeedant 382 ; Antihistaminic DUKE1992B ; Antiinflammatory 20 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Antikeratotic M29 ; Antileucodermic JBH ; Antilymphomic 600 ug/kg +PUVA (extracorporeal) DUKE1992B ; Antimitotic 5-25 ug/ml; Antimutagenic PR4:216 ; Antimycotic M29 ; Antipityriasic M29 ; Antipruritic M29 ; Antipsoriac M29 ; Antiscleromyxoedemic M29 ; Antispasmodic; Antitumor-Promoter IC24=50 ug/ml CPB38:1086 ; Antivitiligic 20 mg/man/day DUKE1992B ; Artemicide LC50=5.93 ug/ml PR4:216 ; Bufocide JBH ; Calcium-Antagonist IC50=551 uM gpg; Cancer-Preventive 5-25 ug/ml PM1987:526 ; Cytotoxic ED50=7-29 ug/ml PR4:216 ; Cytotoxic (Breast) ED50=7.21 ug/ml PR4:216 ; Cytotoxic (Colon) ED50=29.46 ug/ml PR4:216 ; Cytotoxic (Lung) ED50=28.99 ug/ml PR4:216 ; Dermatitigenic JBH ; Emetic DUKE1992B ; Fungicide IC100=2,000 ppm FT63(1):79 IC85=1,000 ppm FT63(1):79 ; Fungistat EC50=21.6 ug/ml NIG ; Hepatoprotective 0.5 ppm X11714299 IC50=2.5 uM X11714299 ; Herbicide 438 ; Hypertrichotic M29 ; Insecticide 382 ; Lipolytic PJB1(2):292 ; Molluscicide JBH ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Phytoalexin NIG ; Piscicide JBH
XANTHOTOXOL Rhizome: DUKE1992A Root: DUKE1992A
Antihistaminic PEP ; Antimitotic 5-25 ug/ml PM1987:526 ; Antinicotinic 411 ; Cancer-Preventive PM1987:526 ; Cytotoxic JBH
ZINC Root 26 ppm; DUKE1992A
ACE-Inhibitor NP6:1 ; Analgesic TEI ; Antiacne 135 mg/day; Antiacrodermatitic 8-34 mg/day/orl/chd M29 ; Antialcoholic; Antialopecic DAS ; Antialzheimeran 50 mg/day WER ; Antiangiogenic X16606632 ; Antianorexic M29 ; Antiarthritic 50 mg/3x/day/orl/man; AntiBPH 25-60 mg/day; Anticanker 100 mg/day WER ; Anticataract 30 mg/day WER ; Anticoeliac MAR ; Anticold 50 mg DAS ; Anticolitic DAS ; Anticoronary 30 mg/day SYN-X ; AntiCrohn's DAS ; Antidandruff DAS ; Antidementia PIL ; Antidiabetic SYN-X ; Antidote (Cadmium) LL-MAY89 ; Antidysgeuzic WRI ; Antieczemic 150 mg/day WER ; Antiencephalopathic M29 ; Antiepileptic 100 mg/day WER ; Antifibrotic 30 mg WAF ; Antifuruncular 45 mg/3x/day/man MAR ; Antihangover 15 mg WAF ; Antiherpetic? 25-60 mg/day; AntiHIV PMM ; Antiimpotence M29 ; Antiinfective 50 mg/day WER ; Antiinfertility 60 mg/day WER ; Antiinsomniac DAS ; Antilepric M29 ; Antileukonychic MTM ; Antilymphomic X16762953 ; Antimaculitic PIL ; Antimetastatic X16606632 ; Antineuropathic TEI ; Antinyctalopic WRI ; Antiobesity 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiosteoporotic; Antiperiodontitic MPP ; Antiplaque M29 ; Antiprolactin PAM ; Antiprostatitic 50 mg/man/day/orl PAM ; Antirheumatic DAS ; Antiseptic 50 mg/day WER ; Antispare-Tire 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antistomatitic 50 mg/man/3x/day MAR ; Antisyndrome-X 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antitinnitic 60-120 mg/day WER ; Antitriglyceride 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Antiulcer 50 mg/3x/day/man MAR 88 mg/rat/day/15 days PIL ; Antiviral? M29 ; Astringent MAR ; Collagenic PIL ; Copper-Antagonist SYN-X ; Deodorant M29 ; Detoxicant (Alcohol) PIL ; Ergogenic PIL ; Hypotensive 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Immunomodulator PIL ; Immunostimulant DAS ; Immunosuppressant 300 mg/day/6 wks/orl/man M29 ; Insulinogenic 30 mg/day SYN-X ; Leptingenic 30-60 mg/man/day SYN-X ; Mucogenic JPP42:657 ; NF-kB-Inhibitor X16606632 ; Pesticide DUKE1992B ; Spermigenic 60 mg/day WER ; Testosteronigenic WER ; Trichomonicide M29 ; Vulnerary MAR
The source of the experience
Dr Dukes plant databaseConcepts, symbols and science items
Concepts
Symbols
Science Items
Activities and commonsteps
Commonsteps
References
382: Jacobson, M., Glossary of Plant-Derived Insect Deterrents, CRC Press, Inc., Boca Raton, FL, 213 p, 1990.
411: Williamson, E. M. and Evans, F. J., Potter's New Cyclopaedia of Botanical Drugs and Preparations, Revised Ed., Saffron Walden, the C. W. Daniel Co., Ltd., Essex UK, 362 pp, 1988, reprint 1989.
438: Lydon, J. & Duke, S., The potential of pesticides from plants, pp. 1-41 in Craker, L. & Simon, J., eds, Herbs, Spices & Medicinal Plants: Recent Advances in Botany, Horticulture, & Pharmacology, v. 4, Oryx Press, Phoenix, 1989, 267pp.
50: de Vries, D. J. and Blumberg, P. M., Thermoregulatory effects of resiniferatoxin in the mouse: comparison with capsaicin, Life Sciences, 44, 1989, 711-715.
525: Stitt, P. A. Why George Should Eat Broccoli. Dougherty Co, Milwaukee, WI, 1990, 399 pp.
ABEL1999: Jim Duke's personal files
ACM:134: Advance in Chinese Medicinal Materials Research. 1985. Eds. H. M. Chang, H. W. Yeung, W. -W. Tso and A. Koo. World Scientific Publishing Co., Philadelphia Pa., page 134.
BIOSIS'96: Jim Duke's personal files
BIS: Bisset, N.G., ed. 1994. Herbal Drugs and Phytopharmaceuticals. CRC Press. Boca Raton, FL. 566 pp. Note: English translation of Wichtl, 1984,1989).
CAN: Newall, C. A., Anderson, L. A. and Phillipson, J. D. 1996. Herbal Medicine - A Guide for Health-care Professionals. The Pharmaceutical Press, London. 296pp.
CPB38:1086: Jim Duke's personal files
CPB43:1385: Okada,Y,et al.1995.Search for Naturally Occurring Substances to Prevent the Complications of Diabetes.II.Inhibitory Effect of Coumarin and Flavonoid Derivatives on Bovine Lens Aldose Reductase and Rabbit Platelet Aggregation.Chem Pharm Bull43(8):1385-1387
DAS: Davies, S., and Stewart, A. 1990. Nutritional Medicine. Avon Books, New York. 509pp.
DUKE1992A: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of phytochemical constituents of GRAS herbs and other economic plants. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
DUKE1992B: Duke, James A. 1992. Handbook of biologically active phytochemicals and their activities. Boca Raton, FL. CRC Press.
EMP5:199: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 5: 199.
EMP6:165: Economic & Medicinal Plant Research, 6: 165
FAC: Facciola, S. 1998. Cornucopia - A Source Book of Edible Plants. Kampong Publications, Vista CA. 713 pp.
FHN: Forest H. Nielsen, USDA, Grand Forks, various publications.
FT1990:503: Jim Duke's personal files
FT54.1984: Jim Duke's personal files
FT63(1):79: Jim Duke's personal files
FT:1984: Jim Duke's personal files
GMJ: Grenand, P., Moretti, C., and Jacquemin, H. 1987. Pharmacopees Traditionnelles en Guyane. l'ORSTROM, Paris. 569 pp.
HDN: Neuwinger, H. D. 1996. African Ethnobotany - Poisons and Drugs. Chapman & Hall, New York. 941 pp.
HH2: Hansel, R., Keller, K., Rimpler, H., and Schneider, G. eds. 1992. Hager's Handbuch der Pharmazeutischen Praxis, Drogen (A-D), 1209 pp., 1993 (E-O), 970 pp., 1994 (P-Z), 1196 pp. Springer-Verlag, Berlin.
HYL: Jim Duke's personal files
IJP33:7: Pandeya, S.N. 1970. Biological Activity of Adamantyl Derivatives. The Indian Journal of Pharmacy, 33: 7.
JBH: Jeffery B. Harborne and H. Baxter, eds. 1983. Phytochemical Dictionary. A Handbook of Bioactive Compounds from Plants. Taylor & Frost, London. 791 pp.
JEO2:185: Buchbauer, G., Jirovetz*, L., Nikiforov, A., Remberg, G., Raverdino, V. 1989. Headspace-Analysis and Aroma Compounds of Austrian Hay-Blossoms (Flores Graminis, Graminis Flos) used in Aromatherapy. J. Ess. Oil Res., 2: 185-191, 1990.
JNP60:249: Jim Duke's personal files
JPP42:657: Li, K.M. Effect of zinc sulphate on acetic acid-induced gastric ulceration in rats. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 42: 657-659, 1990.
K27424: Jim Duke's personal files
KCH: Huang, K. C. 1993. The Pharmacology of Chinese Herbs. CRC Press, Boca Raton, FL 388 pp.
KEN: Jim Duke's personal files
LL-MAY89: Let's Live, May 1989.
M11: Merck 11th Edition
M29: Martindale's 29th
MAB: Mills, Simon and Bone, Kerry. 2000. Phytotherapy. Churchill Livinston, Edinburgh.
MAR: Martindale's 28th
MED97: Jim Duke's personal files
MPP: Jim Duke's personal files
MTM: Jim Duke's personal files
NIG: Nigg, H.N. and Seigler, D.S., eds. 1992. Phytochemical Resources for Medicine and Agriculture. Plenum Press, New York. 445 pp.
NP6:1: Jim Duke's personal files
PAM: Pizzorno, J.E. and Murray, M.T. 1985. A Textbook of Natural Medicine. John Bastyr College Publications, Seattle, Washington (Looseleaf).
PAP5:159: Jim Duke's personal files
PC29(6):1789: Jim Duke's personal files
PC41:525: Jim Duke's personal files
PCA3:42: Jim Duke's personal files
PEP: Pakistan Encyclopedia Planta Medica. 1986.
PH2: Jim Duke's personal files
PIL: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(2):262: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(2):275: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(2):2801: Jim Duke's personal files
PJB1(2):292: Jim Duke's personal files
PM1987:526: Gawron, A. and Glowniak, K. 1987. Cytostatic Activity of Coumarins in vitro. Planta Medica 1987: 526.
PM56(6):504: Jim Duke's personal files
PM56(6):595: Jim Duke's personal files
PMM: Jim Duke's personal files
PR4(6):216: Jim Duke's personal files
PR4:216: Saqib, Q. N., Hui, Y. H., Anderson, J. E. and McLaughlin, J. L. 1990. Bioactive Furanocoumarins from the Berries of Zanthoxylum americanum. Phytotherapy Research 4(6): 216-219.
RAF: Jim Duke's personal files
RWG27: Jim Duke's personal files
SYN-X: Challem, J., Berkson, Burt, and Smith, Melissa Dianne. 2000. Syndrome X - The complete nutritional program to prevent and reservse insulin resistance. John Wiley & Sons, New York. 272 pp. $24.95
TCY4:6: Hu, C. Q., Lee, K. S. 1992. Coumarins From the Roots of Seseli mairei and Inhibition of DNA Topoisomerase II Activity. Tianran Chanwu Yanjiu Yu Kaifa, 4: 6-10.
TEI: Jim Duke's personal files
WAF: Jim Duke's personal files
WBB: Watt, J.M. and Breyer-Brandwijk, M.G. 1962. The Medicinal and Poisonous Plants of Southern and Eastern Africa. E. & S. Livingstone, Ltd. Edinburg & London. 1457 pp.
WER: Werbach, M. 1993. Healing with Food. Harper Collins, New York, 443 pp.
WIC: Wichtl, M. 1984. Teedrogen. Ein Handbuch fur Apotheker und Arzte. Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellscharft. mbH Stuttgart. 393 pp.
WRI: Jim Duke's personal files
X11169165: Jim Duke's personal files
X11575966: Jim Duke's personal files
X11714299: Jim Duke's personal files
X11749777: Jim Duke's personal files
X16606632: Jim Duke's personal files
X16762953: Jim Duke's personal files
ppm = parts per million
tr = trace